[26] The Early East Slavs gradually settled Western Russia in two waves: one moving from Kiev towards present-day Suzdal and Murom and another from Polotsk towards Novgorod and Rostov. The Russian avant-garde was a large, influential wave of modernist art that flourished in Russia from approximately 1890 to 1930. Many of the newly rich moved billions in cash and assets outside of the country in an enormous capital flight. At the same time the Allied powers sent several expeditionary armies to support the anti-Communist forces in an attempt to force Russia to rejoin the world war. [409] This was the first football World Cup ever held in Eastern Europe, and the first held in Europe since 2006. The period from the consolidation of the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917 until 1921 is known as the period of war communism. [21] Noted for their laws, tolerance, and cosmopolitanism,[22] the Khazars were the main commercial link between the Baltic and the Muslim Abbasid empire centered in Baghdad. The latter group includes Nikolai Danilevsky and Konstantin Leontiev, the founders of eurasianism. Russia was in a continuous state of financial crisis. [175], As the Russian Empire included during this period not only the region of Russia, but also today's territories of Ukraine, Belarus, Poland, Lithuania, Estonia, Latvia, Moldavia and the Caucasian and Central Asian countries, it is possible to examine the firm formation process in all those regions. These new institutions include the Southern Federal University, Siberian Federal University, Kazan Volga Federal University, North-Eastern Federal University, and Far Eastern Federal University. By the end of the 10th century, the minority Norse military aristocracy had merged with the native Slavic population,[36] which also absorbed Greek Christian influences in the course of the multiple campaigns to loot Tsargrad, or Constantinople. [179] Approximately 12.9% of Russians lived below the national poverty line in 2018. The company was founded in 2009 by Jan Koum and Brian Acton who formerly worked at Yahoo. By the mid-1990s Russia had a system of multiparty electoral politics. During the 11th century, the grand dukes of Kiev held such centralizing power as existed. The reign of Peter I's daughter Elizabeth in 1741–62 saw Russia's participation in the Seven Years' War (1756–63). Russia remained isolated from the sea trade and its internal trade, communication and manufacturing were seasonally dependent.[89]. [24] The East Slavs gradually settled Western Russia in two waves: one moving from Kiev toward present-day Suzdal and Murom and another from Polotsk toward Novgorod and Rostov. In 1803–1806, the first Russian circumnavigation was made, later followed by other notable Russian sea exploration voyages. This is far higher than the original number of 7 million given by Stalin, and, indeed, the number has increased under various Soviet and Russian Federation leaders. [254] In 2008 Dmitri Medvedev, a former Gazprom chairman and Putin's head of staff, was elected new President of Russia. The Russians retreated, burning crops and food supplies in a scorched earth policy that multiplied Napoleon's logistic problems. To counter the rise of a revolutionary and anarchistic movements, he sent thousands of dissidents into exile in Siberia and was proposing additional parliamentary reforms when he was assassinated in 1881. The latter path was championed by Slavophiles, who heaped scorn on the "decadent" West. At about the 2nd century AD Goths migrated to the Black Sea, and in the 3rd and 4th centuries AD, a semi-legendary Gothic kingdom of Oium existed in Southern Russia until it was overrun by Huns. Russia's large number of ethnic groups have distinctive traditions regarding folk music. Russia,[c] or the Russian Federation,[d][14] is a transcontinental country located in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. This quick succession in leadership change was coined "tandemocracy" by outside media. / Глава I. Общие положения (ст.ст. The official budget is set to rise to 3.03 trillion rubles (approximately US$83.7 billion) in 2015, and 3.36 trillion rubles (approximately US$93.9 billion) in 2016. Russian cuisine widely uses fish, caviar, poultry, mushrooms, berries, and honey. Aleksandr Butlerov was one of the creators of the theory of chemical structure, playing a central role in organic chemistry. The Russian Federation is a federal semi-presidential republic. [110] Following the defeat of Napoleon, Alexander I was willing to discuss constitutional reforms, and though a few were introduced, no thoroughgoing changes were attempted. [155] Meanwhile, elite distrust of the regime was deepened by reports that Rasputin was gaining influence; his assassination in late 1916 ended the scandal but did not restore the autocracy's lost prestige. However, as the Soviet government was still opposed to market reforms, the economic situation continued to deteriorate. WIN #3 $2,500.000; WHY DID HENRY DAVID THOREAU ADMIRE NATIVE AMERICANS? Russia is the largest country in the world, the ninth-most populous country, as well as the most populous country in Europe. By the 11th century, particularly during the reign of Yaroslav the Wise, Kievan Rus' displayed an economy and achievements in architecture and literature superior to those that then existed in the western part of the continent. [237], The 2014 devaluation of the rouble and imposition of sanctions spurred domestic production, and in 2016 Russia exceeded Soviet grain production levels,[238] and became the world's largest exporter of wheat. 11 September] 1610. By 1921, they had defeated their internal enemies and brought most of the newly independent states under their control, with the exception of Finland, the Baltic States, the Moldavian Democratic Republic (which joined Romania), and Poland (with whom they had fought the Polish–Soviet War). (when i say "Russia" I mean Kievian Rus or whatever it is slavs called the land in 862) Much of Russia's expansion occurred in the 17th century, culminating in the first Russian colonisation of the Pacific in the mid-17th century, the Russo-Polish War (1654–67) that incorporated left-bank Ukraine, and the Russian conquest of Siberia. Nikita Khrushchev solidified his position in a speech before the Twentieth Congress of the Communist Party in 1956 detailing Stalin's atrocities.[234]. [135] Russia's advance in Asia led to a confrontation with British Empire for dominance in the region. Foreign trade of Russia – Russian export and import[228], Trade with CIS countries is up 13.2% to $23.3 billion. The glitter and braid masked weaknesses that he did not see. The Russian Academy of Arts was created in 1757[381] and gave Russian artists an international role and status. In 1612, the Poles were forced to retreat by the Russian volunteer corps, led by two national heroes, merchant Kuzma Minin and Prince Dmitry Pozharsky. The Soviet Union maintained its dominance over the Warsaw Pact through crushing the Hungarian Revolution of 1956,[233] suppressing the Prague Spring in Czechoslovakia in 1968, and supporting the suppression of the Solidarity movement in Poland in the early 1980s. Agriculture suffered from the beginning of the Little Ice Age. Famous Russian aircraft include the civilian Tu-series, Su and MiG fighter aircraft, Ka and Mi-series helicopters; many Russian aircraft models are on the list of most produced aircraft in history. He cast doubt on the greatness of the Russian past, and ridiculed Orthodoxy for failing to provide a sound spiritual basis for the Russian mind. "[224] According to the AALEP, "there are almost 3,000 American companies in Russia, and the U.S. is also the leader in terms of foreign companies in Special Economic Zones, with 11 projects."[225]. The history of Russia between 1922 and 1991 is essentially the history of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, or Soviet Union. Since the time of Nikolay Lobachevsky (the "Copernicus of Geometry" who pioneered the non-Euclidean geometry) and a prominent tutor Pafnuty Chebyshev, the Russian mathematical school became one of the most influential in the world. For example, one individual had been a professional chauffeur in Moscow, who had been sentenced to seven years of … As of 2017[update], the military comprised over one million active duty personnel, the fifth-largest in the world. Moscow revolted but riots there were brutally suppressed and the city was set on fire. Since the 1930s the revolutionary ideas of the avant-garde clashed with the newly emerged conservative direction of socialist realism. Glasnost allowed ethnic and nationalist disaffection to reach the surface,[citation needed] and many constituent republics, especially the Baltic republics, Georgian SSR and Moldavian SSR, sought greater autonomy, which Moscow was unwilling to provide. In some sections they revolted, and countless peasants deemed "kulaks" by the authorities were executed. The total length of metros in Russia is 465.4 kilometres (289.2 mi). Russia's long-term problems include a shrinking workforce, rampant corruption, and underinvestment in infrastructure. [71], The death of Ivan's childless son Feodor was followed by a period of civil wars and foreign intervention known as the "Time of Troubles" (1606–13). James Westfall Thompson, and Edgar Nathaniel Johnson, See Dimitri Obolensky, "Russia's Byzantine Heritage," in, Skrynnikov R., "Ivan Grosny", p.58, M., AST, 2001, Skrynnikov R. "Ivan Grozny", M, 2001, pp.142–173, Skrynnikov. Alexander I continued this policy, wresting Finland from the weakened kingdom of Sweden in 1809 and Bessarabia from the Ottomans in 1812. / Глава 1. Ivan III ("the Great") finally threw off the control of the Golden Horde and consolidated the whole of Central and Northern Rus' under Moscow's dominion. Pg. [26] According to the Primary Chronicle, a Varangian from Rus' people, named Rurik, was elected ruler of Novgorod in 862. "[104] Schroeder says Poland was the root cause of the conflict but Russia's refusal to support the Continental System was also a factor. Strong opposition soon developed. According to the treaty, Russia granted protection to the Cossacks state in Left-bank Ukraine, formerly under Polish control. In April 1949 the United States sponsored the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), a mutual defense pact in which most Western nations pledged to treat an armed attack against one nation as an assault on all. [132] From the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Russia has initially developed a friendlier relationship with the United States and NATO, however today, the trilateral relationship has significantly deteriorated due to several issues and conflicts between Russia and the Western countries. As Western Europe modernized, after 1840 the issue for Russia became one of direction. The first ternary computer, Setun, was developed by Nikolay Brusentsov. [277][282], With a population of 142.8 million according to the 2010 census,[284] rising to 146.7 million as of 2020. The most pressing problem confronting the Government was serfdom. A substantial share of students is enrolled for full pay (many state institutions started to open commercial positions in the last years). [241], Since Russia borders three oceans (the Atlantic, Arctic, and Pacific), Russian fishing fleets are a major world fish supplier. As Moscow rose to power, Theophanes the Greek, Dionisius and Andrei Rublev became vital names associated with a distinctly Russian art. [163] Finland also annexed the region Pechenga of the Russian Kola peninsula; Soviet Russia and allied Soviet republics conceded the parts of its territory to Estonia (Petseri County and Estonian Ingria), Latvia (Pytalovo), and Turkey (Kars). Conquest by the Mongol Golden Horde in the 13th century was the final blow. The clothes of Cossacks from Southern Russia include burka and papaha, which they share with the peoples of the Northern Caucasus. This plant supplied tanks for the front. Others include: agricultural raw materials (2.2%) and textiles (0.2%).[226]. Chiodo, Abbigail J., and Michael T. Owyang. Its economy ranks as the eleventh-largest in the world by nominal GDP and the sixth-largest by PPP. The French invasion of Russia at the height of Napoleon's power in 1812 reached Moscow, but eventually failed miserably as the obstinate resistance in combination with the bitterly cold Russian winter led to a disastrous defeat of invaders, in which more than 95% of the pan-European Grande Armée perished. However, this proper name became more prominent in the later history, and the country typically was called by its inhabitants "Русская Земля" (russkaja zemlja), which can be translated as "Russian Land" or "Land of Rus'". [213] Thirteen million Soviet citizens became victims of the repressive policies of Germany and its allies in occupied territories, where people died because of mass murders, famine, absence of elementary medical aid and slave labor. The establishment of the first East Slavic states in the 9th century coincided with the arrival of Varangians, the traders, warriors and settlers from the Baltic Sea region. The legal basis for EU relations with Russia is the Partnership and Cooperation Agreement, which came into force in 1997. The success of the Russian army forced the German army to withdraw troops from the western front to the Russian front. By total length of pipelines Russia is second only to the United States. Pirozhki, blini and syrniki are native types of pancakes. At last Gorbachev attempted to restructure the Soviet Union into a less centralized state. [167] Baikal alone contains over one-fifth of the world's fresh surface water. [316] It belongs to the Indo-European language family and is one of the living members of the East Slavic languages, the others being Belarusian and Ukrainian (and possibly Rusyn). [43] In an effort to restore the Volga khanates, Crimeans and their Ottoman allies invaded central Russia and were even able to burn down parts of Moscow in 1571. The Navy was weak and technologically backward; the Army, although very large, was good only for parades, suffered from colonels who pocketed their men's pay, poor morale, and was even more out of touch with the latest technology as developed by Britain and France. Most of Russia consists of vast stretches of plains that are predominantly steppe to the south and heavily forested to the north, with tundra along the northern coast. The Government issued special bonds to the landowners for the land that they had lost, and collected a special tax from the peasants, called redemption payments, at a rate of 5% of the total cost of allotted land yearly. Russian biologists include Dmitry Ivanovsky who discovered viruses, Ivan Pavlov who was the first to experiment with the classical conditioning, and Ilya Mechnikov who was a pioneer researcher of the immune system and probiotics. In the European part of the country the network of channels connects the basins of major rivers. Clark, Christopher (2013). 1–16)", "Конституция Республики Бурятия (принята Верховным Советом Республики Бурятия 22 февраля 1994 г.) A new anti-religious campaign, launched in 1929, coincided with collectivization of peasants; destruction of churches in the cities peaked around 1932. Borisenkov E, Pasetski V. "The thousand-year annals of the extreme meteorological phenomena", Solovyov. [234] From 1999 to 2009, Russia's agriculture grew steadily,[235] and the country turned from a grain importer to the third largest grain exporter after the EU and the United States. By this same time, the once powerful Persian Safavid Empire to the south was heavily declining. [citation needed], The country has a large and fully indigenous arms industry, producing most of its own military equipment with only a few types of weapons imported. Following the Russian Revolution of 1917 many prominent writers and philosophers left the country, including Bunin, Vladimir Nabokov and Nikolay Berdyayev, while a new generation of talented authors joined together in an effort to create a distinctive working-class culture appropriate for the new Soviet state. The crisis climaxed on 3 October, when Yeltsin chose a radical solution to settle his dispute with parliament: he called up tanks to shell the Russian White House, blasting out his opponents. [125], Russia expected that in exchange for supplying the troops to be the policeman of Europe, it should have a free hand in dealing with the decaying Ottoman Empire—the "sick man of Europe." The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (called Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic at the time), together with the Ukrainian, Byelorussian, and Transcaucasian Soviet Socialist Republics, formed the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), or Soviet Union, on 30 December 1922. [397][needs update] In 2002 the Russian Ark became the first feature film ever to be shot in a single take. Most of the 19th century growth came from adding territory in Asia, south of Siberia. [247] The Russian government lifted price control in January 1992. Основы конституционного строя (ст.ст. Of the country's 100,000 rivers,[168] the Volga is the most famous, not only because it is the longest river in Europe, but also because of its major role in Russian history. Indeed, the textbooks give the year 1147 and say Moscow was founded by Prince Yuri Dolgoruky. [210], Although the Soviet Union was victorious in World War II, the war resulted in around 26–27 million Soviet deaths (estimates vary)[211] and had devastated the Soviet economy in the struggle. About 40% of basic medical facilities have fewer staff than they are supposed to have, with others being closed down. Year of service in armed forces and air force groups speak over 100 languages Volga River, inciting uprisings... 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