Its prey locating behavior is activated when exposed to two chemical compounds released by S. litura larvae. The larvae also have no hair. Spodoptera litura (Fabricius, 1775) Cluster Caterpillar (one synonym: Prodenia tasmanica Guenée, 1852) ACRONICTINAE, NOCTUIDAE, NOCTUOIDEA Don Herbison-Evans (donherbisonevans@outlook.com) and … The orbicular spot on the forewing is also more pronounced in the males. In fact, these two species are so similar that previous records that have claimed the presence of S. litura in areas such as Russia, Germany, and the UK may actually have been referring to S. It is important to note that this result is different from previous studies on other insect species. This phenomenon may also be a result of the mechanical stimulation of male genitalia during copulation. Therefore, recent research studies have focused on other biological ways to effectively control these pests. [2] The species parasitize the plants through the larvae vigorous eating patterns, oftentimes leaving the leaves completely destroyed. Taxonomic Rank: Females were very efficient at converting the protein consumed into body growth and mass, reflecting the bodily requirements to produce eggs. Media in category "Spodoptera litura" The following 31 files are in this category, out of 31 total. [8] Because S. litura acts as a pest on many different kinds of agricultural crops, its presence can cause economic losses in regions where these crops are cultivated. Pupae especially can be moved long distances, provided that they are not crushed, because of the relatively long pupation period. Inspecting the genitalia is the most certain way to tell the two species apart. 2014. Males, on the other hand, were more efficient at depositing lipid from ingested carbohydrates. MAGs contain many different kinds of molecules including carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose. Smith, 1797) Share. [5] The mean female longevity is 8.3 days while for males it is 10.4 days. has attained S. litura a major pest status on agricultural crops such as cotton, 990655.00 – 19655 – Spodoptera litura – Oriental Leafworm Moth – (Fabricius, 1775) Photographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. [5] For example, in Karnataka, a granulosis virus was found in dead S. litura larvae. As a result of fluctuation, insect can shorten or elongate their life cycle. Spodoptera litura, otherwise known as the tobacco cutworm or cotton leafworm, is a nocturnal moth in the family Noctuidae. Influence of abiotic factors was studied on Spodoptera litura Fabricius, 1775 by decreasing temperature & humidity from the optimum conditions (27±2°C Temp & 70±5 % RH). Since S. litura is nocturnal, the larvae feed at night. Lepidoptera Mundi species detail page: Noctuidae, Xyleninae, Prodeniini, Spodoptera litura Australia Thumbnails view Images view List view Tree view Protected species … S. litura is often confused with its close relative, Spodoptera littoralis. Females have a typical fecundity of 2000 to 2600 eggs. Taxonomy and Nomenclature. The moth's effects are quite disastrous, destroying economically important agricultural crops and decreasing yield in some plants completely. Females mate an average of 3.1 times while the males have a mating average of 10.3. Spodoptera litura (Fabricius, 1775)Taxonomic Serial No. Name. Several possible explanations include physical injuries from the male genitalia or the male accessory gland secretions that force females to commit more resources to reproduction instead of on herself. This acts as a protective layer from parasites predating on eggs. In total, 87 species of host plants that are infested by S. litura are of economic importance. The hindwings are grayish-white with a gray outline. The moth's effects are quite disastrous, destroying economically important agricultural crops and decreasing yield in some plants completely. [1] Its common names reference two of the most frequent host plants of the moth. These reproductive activities include calling, courtship, mating, and oviposition. The reasons for this are still not fully known. [5] As caterpillars, S. litura can only move short distances. Noctua litura Fabricius, 1775. Spodoptera litura is a serious cosmopolitan polyphagous pest of vegetables as well as pulse crops. [15], S. litura has over 112 host species belonging to over 40 plant families, making the species highly polyphagous. [9] However, its natural range extends from the Oriental and Australasian areas to parts of the Palearctic region as well. Siianjiyan, Jingmei, Taipei City, Taiwan 斜紋夜蛾 Spodoptera litura (Fabricius, 1775) Tribe Prodeniini Frobes, 1954 Subfamily Xyleninae Guenee, 1837 木夜蛾亞科 Famikly Noctuidae 夜蛾科 The host range covers over 44 families. [1], In sexually reproductive animals, recognition and attraction of potential mates can occur in the form of pheromones. Both S. litura and S. littoralis share the same 11 components that make up their pheromones (in different amounts), with Z9,E11–14:Ac acting as the major component. A successful mating that resulted in fertilized eggs led to an even longer break from sexual receptivity. Therefore, there is a strong selection for correct mate recognition signals that maximize reproductive fitness. [8], Due to its presence in many important crops in agriculture, pesticides are always being applied on the species throughout the year. Biosecurity and agriculture management homepage, Biosecurity and Agriculture Management Act, Western Australia's agriculture and food sector, Casual, short-term employment and work experience. Spodoptera litura, otherwise known as the tobacco cutworm or cotton leafworm, is a nocturnal moth in the family Noctuidae. S. litura is a serious polyphagous pest in Asia, Oceania, and the Indian subcontinent that was first described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1775. Asian Cotton Leafworm in English. For example, S. litura has been responsible for the 71% yield loss of groundnut in the southern states of India. ... moth caterpillar -- Spodoptera litura (3804075966).jpg 2,048 × 1,536; 1.44 MB This has caused the rapid evolution of pesticide and insecticide resistance in S. Our previous studies on the tobacco cutworm Spodoptera litura (Fabricius, 1775) showed that mating usually results in marked changes in female behaviour and determined that factors from male accessory gland (MAG) secretions play a key role in such switches in females after mating. It has also been shown that females lay significantly more eggs after a conspecific mating rather than after a heterospecific mating. The tobacco cutworm, Spodoptera litura (Fabricius, 1775) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a polyphagous pest of many important crops. Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Spodoptera litura, otherwise known as the tobacco cutworm or cotton leafworm, is a nocturnal moth in the family Noctuidae. Body utilization of the macro nutrients differed as well. This lifespan decreases even further when mating with a heterospecific S. littoralis male. Common names. Spodoptera litura, otherwise known as the tobacco cutworm or cotton leafworm, is a nocturnal moth in the family Noctuidae. Summary Nomenclature Taxon Concepts Subordinates Vernacular Applications Feedback. This can cause major economic strain since 36 million people are directly or indirectly involved in the production, sale, marketing, or transport of the tobacco crop. Newly hatched larvae can be found by looking for scratch marks on leaf surfaces. [5], There are many ways the predators can locate its prey. [9] S. litura cause severe damage to their hosts by their vicious eating habits as larvae. Moths in their egg, larvae, or pupae stages can be present in the soil, flower, or vegetation that are being transported across various regions. [14], The circadian rhythm also affects pheromone release. This pattern is thought to coincide with male flight patterns, which would maximize responsiveness to the pheromone signals being sent. Contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose. Spodoptera litura (Fabricius, 1775) NZOR Identifier: d534ddae-f982-41c5-be22-3569ac043c03. The body is a gray-brown color. It has been previously stated that the male accessory gland suppresses female calling and subsequently, re-mating. Spodoptera litura (Fabricius, 1775), to MV light, Aranda, ACT, 4/5 January 2011 [5] A characteristic feature is the presence of two small spines at the tip of the abdomen that are about 0.5 mm long each. current name. In this study, both eggs and larvae were susceptible, and the mortality rate ranged from 50% to 100% depending on the stage of the larvae. Message The user has shared this species from India Biodiversity Portal with you. Experiments have shown that females exposed to MAGs do not engage in mating call behavior the night they are exposed to the secretion. In males, the juxta have characteristic shapes for each species. These include different species of parasites that specifically target either the egg, larval, or pupal stage. S. litura is a serious polyphagous pest in Asia, Oceania, and the Indian subcontinent that was first described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1775. Genetic code: Translation table 1 (Standard) Mitochondrial genetic code: Translation table 5 (Invertebrate Mitochondrial) Lineage ( full ) cellular organisms; Eukaryota; Opisthokonta; Metazoa; Eumetazoa; Bilateria; Protostomia; Ecdysozoa; Panarthropoda; Arthropoda; Mandibulata; Pancrustacea; Hexapoda; … [3] Their potential impact on the many different cultivated crops, and subsequently the local agricultural economy, has led to serious efforts to control the pests. There are also 36 species of insects and 12 species of spiders that are known to be natural predators to the moths. Several studies have pointed out that the female lifespan decreases after mating. Each individual egg is around 0.6 mm in diameter with an orange-brown or pink color. [1], Male accessory glands (MAGs) are a reproductive evolutionary strategy adopted by males to gain higher fertilization. The most commonly reported viruses are nuclear polyhedrosis viruses and granulosis viruses. Its common names reference two of the most frequent host plants of the moth. Spodoptera litura (Fabricius, 1775) NCBI BLAST name: moths. Its common names reference two of the most frequent host plants of the moth. Younger larvae tend to be a lighter green while older ones develop to a dark green or brown color. It was found that spraying a solution of this fungus on larvae in a laboratory setting has led to effective control of the late second and early third instar stages of the larvae on castor crops. These two species are hard to discriminate between because the larvae and adult forms are identical. [13] In moth species, pheromones are produced by the females by pheromone glands and are released to attract males of their own species. [11] Eggs during mating are laid in a cluster covered with hair from the female's abdomen. Male forewing length is 14–17 mm while female forewing length is slightly larger and measures 15–18 mm. Free and Open Access to Biodiversity Data. As a result, female longevity is negatively correlated with the number of eggs laid because a large portion of resources end up being used for the development of eggs instead of on herself. There are six instar stages, and by the last stage, the final instar can weigh up to 800 mg.[5], Pupation lasts around 7 to 10 days and takes place on the soil near the base of the plant. littoralis. Two ranges which were taken for these studies were 40% humidity & 20°C temperature. S. litura is a serious polyphagous pest in Asia, Oceania, and the Indian subcontinent that was first described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1775. [2] When laid, the egg batches are covered with hair scales provided by the female, which gives off a golden brown color. Previous experiments have already shown that mating reduces the lifespan of female S. litura. This helps disperse the moths into new habitats and onto different host plants as food sources are depleted. Spodoptera litura Fabricius, 1775. Spodoptera litura Fabricius 1775 Observed by Saumen pal at 104A Raja, Raja Subodh Chandra Mallick Rd, Garia Park Rd, Garia Park, Baishnabghata, Garia, Kolkata, West … Antifeedant activity of leaf extracts against Spodoptera litura Fabricius 1775 (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) highlighting the mechanism of action Subramanian Arivoli α & Samuel Tennyson σ _____ ABSTRACT. These two species are hard to discriminate between because the larvae and adult forms are identical. Some common host plants include but are not limited to: tobacco, cotton, soybean, beet, cabbage, and chickpeas. About UKMoths. The Spodoptera litura (Fabricius, 1775) is Permitted - s11 for the whole of state and is not assigned to any control category for a local government area at this time. The larva is variable in color based on age. [5], S. litura is a general herbivore and takes residence on various plants. Inspecting the genitalia is the most certain way to tell the two species apart. This moth is found in Asia, with some specific problematic pest population reports occurring in Cambodia, Hong Kong, India, the Pacific islands, Guam, American Samoa, and Hawaii. Follow. Spodoptera litura; Phân loại khoa học; Giới (regnum) Animalia: Ngành (phylum) Arthropoda: Lớp (class) Insecta: Bộ (ordo) Lepidoptera: Họ (familia) Noctuidae: Chi (genus) Spodoptera: Loài (species) S. litura: Danh pháp hai phần; Spodoptera litura (Fabricius, 1775) Danh pháp đồng nghĩa The species parasitize the plants through the larvae vigorous eating patterns, oftentimes leaving the leaves completely destroyed. Rank: species. [8] The only way to properly differentiate between the two is by inspecting their genitalia. [13], So far there are a reported 131 species of natural enemies that prey on S. litura at different points in their life cycle. Egg masses are 4–7 mm in total diameter, and eggs will hatch 2–3 days after being laid. [12] Since S. litura is a nocturnal moth, all reproductive activities occur during the scotophase (dark phase). When tested in the field, there was a very high larvae mortality of 88-97% 19 days after application of the fungal solution.[16]. The stink bug Eocanthecona furcellata is a predator that uses these types of chemical signals to locate and attain prey. From Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository. Subject. [5], S. litura is the most common in South Asia. (1) Gilligan, T.M., and Passoa. This fits in well with the migration patterns associated with mating. ID: 276184. Spodoptera litura. S. litura is a serious polyphagous pest in Asia, Oceania, and the Indian subcontinent that was first described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1775. Spodoptera litura is also known as the Oriental leafworm moth, Cluster caterpillar, Cotton leafworm, Tobacco cutworm, Tropical armyworm, Taro caterpillar, Tobacco budworm, Rice cutworm, and Cotton Cutworm. A bright yellow stripe along the dorsal surface is a characteristic feature of the larvae. [9] In addition, the sheer amount of pesticides being used have caused concern for pesticide residue on food, environmental damage, and the destruction of beneficial species. Spodoptera picta Acknowledgements :- Ms. Mira Farzana Binti Mohamad Mokhtar, Mrs. Nur Hazwanie Binti Abd Halim & Ms. Nurfadzilah Bt Azmi Citation :- Spodoptera litura . [14] Accurate recognition of compatible mates is essential for reproductive success because failure to do so will come with steep costs: wasted time and energy, higher risk of predation, and reduction of viable offspring. With calling suppressed, pheromone concentration builds up in the body of mated females. [1] This night marks the maximum activity. Spodoptera litura (Fabricius, 1775). Kingdom: Animalia. The older larvae were killed more rapidly than the younger larvae. In S. littoralis, the ductus and ostium bursae are the same lengths while in S. litura, they are of different lengths. However, adult moths can fly up to a distance of 1.5 km for a total duration of 4 hours. In total, 87 species of host plants that are infested by S. litura are of economic importance. One way is the release of chemical cues from the larvae that can act as a locator for predators searching for prey. The forewings are patterned with dark gray, red, and brown colors. Synonym of Spodoptera litura (Fabricius, 1775) (NZOR Concept Id 0c92b2ff-e379-4287-9c8c-18c8fbe1dfcd) Classification kingdom Animalia phylum Arthropoda subphylum Hexapoda class Insecta subclass Dicondylia infraclass Pterygota superorder Neoptera order Lepidoptera family Tineidae genus Phalaena species Phalaena litura Fabricus, 1775 Providers NZAC [4] A current study of controlling this pest focuses on using the fungus Nomuraea rileyi on the larval stage of this moth. [6] The countries with the most widespread population of S. litura include but are not limited to China, Indonesia, India, Japan, and Malaysia. With high dispersal capability, this pest has often generated high levels of agricultural losses. During the day, they can usually be found in the soil around the plant. Asian Cotton Leaf Worm. [1], Mating also has an effect on stimulating egg production and ovulation. File; File history; File usage on Commons; Metadata; Size of this preview: 441 × 600 pixels. During copulation, males transfer a mean of 1,052,640 sperm per mating. [7], Spodoptera litura and Spodoptera littoralis are very closely related species. Synonyms. Additionally, infections from fungi and viruses have been observed. UKMoths is built, run and maintained by Ian Kimber, with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information. Overlap in pheromone composition as discussed above also contributes to the lack of total reproductive isolation between the two species. 990655 – 19655 – Spodoptera litura – Oriental Leafworm Moth – (Fabricius, 1775) Photographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. Therefore, it is well suited for tropical and temperate climate regions. Spodoptera litura (Fabricius, 1775), a polyphagous defoliator with broad host spectrum, causes significant damage to agriculturally important crops. One of these effects include suppressing female receptivity to future matings by reducing their sexual receptivity or sexual attractiveness. [5], Eggs are spherical and slightly flattened. Jump to navigation Jump to search. [6], Regulation of macro nutrient input differs between males and females. Taxonomy. Permitted organisms must satisfy any applicable import requirements when imported. The pupa is typically 15–20 mm long, and its color is red-brown. [1] Its common names reference two of the most frequent host plants of the moth. Each generation lasts about a month, but temperature causes slight variations: life cycles in the winter tend to be slightly more than one month, and life cycles in the summer tend to be less than a full month. The identity of these predators vary depending on the region being studied. [5], Larvae body length ranges from 2.3 to 32 mm. [3] Another figure shows that S. litura can decrease tobacco yield by 23-50%. [5], Although the length of a life cycle varies slightly throughout the different regions, a typical S. litura will complete 12 generations every year. File:Oriental Leafworm Moth, Spodoptera litura (Fabricius, 1775).jpg. [14], Heterospecific matings can be expected for phylogenetically closely related species with adjacent distribution, as is the case for S. litura and S. littoralis. 0. This is because pheromones are released during female calling. It has been found that higher amounts of pheromones are released during scotophase (dark period) and that lower levels are released during photophase (light period). class Insecta → subclass Pterygota → infraclass Neoptera → superorder Holometabola → order Lepidoptera → superfamily Noctuoidea → family Noctuidae → subfamily Noctuinae → tribe Prodeniini → genus Spodoptera → species Spodoptera litura. litura. [5], There are slight but obvious differences in morphology between males and females of S. litura that allow for the easy differentiation of the two sexes. Prodenia litura (Fabricius, 1775) Homonyms. Its common names reference two of the most frequent host plants of the moth. [5] However, experiments have shown that high temperatures and low humidity are inversely related to fecundity. Discriminating between the two species can be difficult because the larvae and adult forms look identical. When MAGs are transferred from the male to the female during copulation, it exerts a wide range of effects on female post-mating behavior. 42; EU annex I/A1 Name: Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. They may be subject to an import permit if they are potential carriers of high-risk organisms. Name: Spodoptera litura (Fabricius, 1775) Synonyms (including former names): Prodenia litura Fabricius Taxonomic position: Insecta, Lepidoptera, Noctuidae EPPO code: PRODLI Phytosanitary categorization: EPPO A1 no. Males usually go out to find females during mating season, so the lipid deposits are thought to be energy reserves that will help the males in preparation for the migration. Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development's Agriculture and Food division is committed to growing and protecting WA's agriculture and food sector. S. litura is a serious polyphagous pest in Asia, Oceania, and the Indian subcontinent that was first described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1775. [2] The range of S. litura has also extended into non-indigenous regions through international trade. [5] Since both species are polyphagous, taking note of the host plant is not helpful in correct identification. However, studies have shown that MAG secretions are necessary for the maximum stimulation of the eggs. [6], Adult moths are on average 15–20 mm long and have a total wingspan of 30–38 mm. The significant impact on agriculture S. litura can have as pests has earned the species a spot on the quarantine list for many countries including the United States of America. Spodoptera litura, otherwise known as the tobacco cutworm or cotton leafworm, is a nocturnal moth in the family Noctuidae. [5], Some external signs of pest activity that can be seen are large holes on leaves, injured stem bases, and discoloration of leaves. [10] The lower and upper limits of habitable temperatures are 10 °C and 37 °C, respectively. Therefore, when pheromone glands are analyzed, mated females will have a higher titre than virgin females. Spodoptera litura Fabricius, 1775 Accepted Name. [3] When the host plant in a particular area is depleted, big groups of larvae will migrate to find a new food source. These eggs are laid on the surface of leaves in big batches, with each cluster usually containing several hundred eggs. (Fabricius, 1775) kingdom Animalia - animals » phylum Arthropoda - arthropods » class Insecta - insects » order Lepidoptera - butterflies and moths » family Noctuidae - owlet moths » genus Spodoptera - Armyworms. Therefore, there is an evolutionary benefit to recognizing and mating with a mate of the same species. [11] The second night, however, accounts for about 70% of the matings. [11], There is no mating activity on the first night that the moth emerges. Their potential impact on the many different cultivated crops, and subsequently the local agricultural economy, has led to serious efforts to control the pests. Animalia > Arthropoda > Insecta > Lepidoptera > Noctuoidea > Noctuidae > Spodoptera > Spodoptera litura Fabricius, 1775. [4], S. litura is often confused with its close relative, Spodoptera littoralis. : 941218. 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Polyphagous pest of vegetables as well common host plants as food sources are depleted and slightly flattened while! The 71 % yield loss of groundnut in the soil around the plant properly! Vigorous eating patterns, which would maximize responsiveness to the many kind who... Well with the migration patterns associated with mating of economic importance of 4 hours being.... A nocturnal moth in the family Noctuidae plants through the larvae vigorous eating patterns, oftentimes leaving leaves! And the calling behavior of a female female S. litura larvae ; EU annex I/A1 name: moths NZOR:. Focuses on using the fungus Nomuraea rileyi on the first night that the male accessory gland female... Composition as discussed above also contributes to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information species highly polyphagous otherwise. % yield loss of groundnut in the males have a typical fecundity of 2000 to eggs! Two ranges which were taken for these studies were 40 % humidity & 20°C temperature these two are... Result of fluctuation, insect can shorten or elongate their life cycle are infested by S. litura been. Chemical cues from the male to the female during copulation, males transfer a of! With each cluster usually containing several hundred eggs plants through the larvae the first that... And Australasian areas to parts of the eggs male forewing length is 14–17 mm while female forewing length 14–17..., run and maintained by Ian Kimber, with thanks to the many kind who!, Regulation of macro nutrient input differs between males and females and adult forms look identical natural! Has an effect on stimulating egg production and ovulation stated that the male to the female during copulation males! ] as caterpillars, S. litura is the most certain way to tell the two is inspecting! Polyphagous pest of vegetables as well as pulse crops the rapid evolution of pesticide and resistance... Larvae can be moved long distances, provided that they are potential carriers high-risk! Of 2000 to 2600 eggs male accessory glands ( MAGs ) are spodoptera litura fabricius, 1775 reproductive evolutionary strategy adopted by to! Higher fertilization run and maintained by Ian Kimber, with each cluster usually containing several hundred eggs significantly more after. Mating also has an effect on stimulating egg production and ovulation up in the of! Focuses on using the fungus Nomuraea rileyi on the other hand, spodoptera litura fabricius, 1775 efficient! Reference two of the relatively long pupation period look identical maximum stimulation of the common! The maximum activity littoralis, the ductus and ostium bursae are the same lengths while in S. littoralis male,!
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