Higher duration of leaf wetness due to dew, fog and rainfall. This disease is more common in those areas, where groundnut-groundnut cropping system is existing. … iii. It causes a disease in wheat and rye called “ear-cockle” or seed gall. I take this opportunity to thank the Agricultural Production Commissioner & Principal ... 3 WHEAT 122 4 PULSES 125 i. Redgram 125 ii. Wetting, splashing rains and strong winds are favourable for disease spread. Fungicidal control of wheat rusts and Alternaria blight. The disease development is faster when cloudy weather persists and day and night temperatures are around 20-25°C and relative humidity is between 70 and 80 per cent. Diseases of Pulses 5. Book Detail: Language: English Pages: 133 Author: TNAU Price: Free How to Download Book (Full guide) BREEDING OF FIELD & HORTICULTURAL CROPS – Course Outline RICE – Oryza sativa Rice Varieties Released Using Different Breeding Techniques Hybrid Rice Seed Production WHEAT – Triticum sp. Disclaimer 9. iii. According to this model, when HTR falls between 1.3 and 3.2, then the outbreak of the blight can be expected. Stem ust / Black rust - Puccinia graminis f.sp.tritici, Stripe rust / Yellow Rust - Puccinia striiformis Brown rust can survive over a wide range of temperature. High relative humidity should persist. Nematodes 4. Therefore, incidence of late blight of potato is common in hilly regions. Wide fluctuations in maximum temperature from 24-39°C, ii. Diseases of Groundnut 4. 6. The teliospores are also arranged in long stripes and are dull black in colour. In 1920 it was affiliated to Madras University. There should be dew for at least four hours during the night. The student him/herself is doing the cultivation practices. Report a Violation, Weather Parameter and Movement of Insects | Pest Diseases, Crops Fluctuated due to Climatic Parameters: 15 Crops. Favourable weather conditions for the appearance of leaf spots are given below: i. These black teliospores often are blown away by the wind, leaving only the bare rachis and remnants of other floral structures. The entire inflorescence, except the rachis, is replaced by masses of smut spores. In India, during summer season, high temperatures do not allow either the wheat crop or the rust to survive in the plain areas. The crops are: Irrigated puddled lowland rice / any irrigated dry crop (maize / sorghum / pearl millet / finger millet / cotton / groundnut / sunflower / sesame. The Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, is playing a pivotal role in design ... capsule for the management of pests and diseases besides post-harvest management practices. Copyright 10. Prohibited Content 3. Diseases of Field Crops and Their Management 5www.AgriMoon.Com Spores land on leaves, germinate, penetrate the leaf, and cause a lesion 4 days later; more spores are produced in as little as 6 days. Loose Smut - Ustilago tritici, Stem Rust / Black Rust: Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici, Stripe Rust /Yellow Rust-Puccinia striiformis, Home | About Us | Success Stories | Farmers Association | TNAU Publications | Contact Us, The postules are circular or slightly elliptical, smaller than those of stem rust, usually do not coalesce, and contain masses of orange to orange-brown Urediospores.Â. Maximum disease severity occurs when maximum temperature is around 27°C and relative humidity should be around 92 per cent during rainy days. Swarming caterpillar (Spodoptera mauritia Boisduval) - Odisha, West Bengal, Jharkhand, … Critical value may be referred to the value which can keep the leaf wet. TNAU assumed full responsibilities of Agricultural Education and Research and supported the State Agricultural Department by delivering research products. Sunshine should be more than 5 hours per day. Powdery mildew: Erysiphe graminis var. Similarly, Nilgiri hills in south India are the source region of wheat rust, where wheat is cultivated throughout the year. There is no major incidence of pests in this samba wheat culture. The pathogen survives from one season to the next as dormant mycelium (fungal threads) within the embryo of the barley seed. Losses may be more in those areas where the crop is grown under irrigated conditions because of higher humidity. tritici Symptom: . Weather conditions favourable for the disease are given below: i. Temperature should range between 22-35°C. Foliar diseases of wheat-leaf spots and blights In: Joshi LM, Singh DV, Srivastava KD, eds. If transplanted crop: Weather conditions favourable for its multiplication are given below: (a) Mean air temperature between 15 to 20°C should prevail for a week. Yellow or stripe rust - Puccinia striiformis Symptom Mainly occur on leaves than the leaf sheaths and stem. Climatic conditions are favourable for the wheat rust to survive in the Himalayan region during summer season on the host plant of Barberry. It has been observed that primary source of infection is the plant residue left in the fields. Rice hispa scrapes the upper surface of leaf blades leaving only the lower epidermis This rule lays down the following criteria for the forecast of late blight of potato: i. There should be intermittent rainfall. This rule is known as Beaumont rule. The fungus is internally seed borne (dormant mycelium within the embryoof the barley seed). ii. Wheat is the staple food for over ten billion people in as many as 43 countries of the world. Ergot symptoms become evident during kernel formation, when ergot bodies are formed in place of kernels. If these conditions prevail for two days, late blight of potato is likely to appear after a period of 10 days. These black teliospores often are blown away by the wind, leaving only the bare rachis and remnants of other floral structures. Cloud cover should not be less than 80 per cent. But if these conditions persist for a longer period, the disease may continue through out the growing period of the crop. Weather conditions not favourable for the incidence of the disease: i. Generally cloudy weather, low temperature and high humidity are favourable for the development of the disease. After reading this article you will learn about:- 1. Bright yellow pustules (Uredia) appear on leaves at early stage of crop and pustules are arranged in linear rows as stripes. If these conditions prevail for a few weeks, leaf spots may appear. ii. Wheat rust can be divided into three types: Yellow rust is mainly confined to the northern parts of India due to its low temperature requirement. TANJORE WILT / BASAL STEM END ROT; Ganoderma Wilt / ANABE ROGA Standard Operating Procedure for Integrated Pest Management FAO Code of Conduct on the Distribution and Use of Pesticides (1982, 2002) White Fly Infestation in Fruit Crops There should be intermittent cloudiness and dew. Disease cycle of loose smut of barley is similar to as of loose smut of wheat. The weather conditions favourable for the incidence of late blight are given below: i. Based on these parameters, humid thermal ratio (HTR) was developed for use in the disease prediction model. Based on the above weather conditions, the forecasting of the disease can be made. Wide spread infection is directly associated with wet weather. Agro-ecosystem analysis (AESA) based integrated pests management (IPM) A. AESA B. Ergot is a plant disease caused by the fungus Claviceps purpurea, which infects the developing grains of cereals and grasses. Temperature should range between 30.4 – 32.7°C. The veins show brown to black discoloration. Therefore, forecast of this disease is very easy. The weather conditions favourable for the incidence of late blight of potato are given below: i. Threshold of 10,000 juveniles/kg soil develop disease. ii. Later on during winter season, when wheat crop is grown in the plains of north India, rust has the tendency to migrate from the Nepal hills to plains of north India. Originally found in many parts of the world but has been eradicated from the western hemisphere. Source of Microscopic images: Diseases of small grain cereal crops- A colour handbook by TD Murray, DW Parry and ND Cattlin 2. Problems and Progress of Wheat Pathology in South Asia. These biotic agents are, therefore, infectious, and the diseases they cause are termed infectious diseases. Dew, fog and rainfall are important sources of moisture, which keep the leaves wet. PATH371 - Disease of Horticultural crops and their management: GPBR111 - Principles of Genetics : Agricultural Engineering: GPBR112 - Principles of Seed Technology: AENG151 - Fundamentals of soil water conservation and engineering : GPBR211 - Principles of Plant Breeding: AENG252 - Protected cultivation and Post Harvest Technology: GPBR212 - Breeding of Field and Horticultural crops : … iv. However, if the severity of the disease is high, then crop may suffer 50 per cent damage. iii. Leaf wetness is also one of the causes of these diseases. … The culture exhibited resistance to black (stem), yellow and brown (leaf) rusts. There should be more number of rainy days. Several studies have been conducted to predict late blight of potato by using various environmental conditions. The stripes are yellow to orange yellow. Diseases of Potatoes. Wheat provides nourishment to 35% of world population. iii. Glume blotch of Wheat Disease cycle and epidemiology: • The septoria leaf and glume blotch pathogen survives within infested straw, seed and on volunteer wheat and serves as the source of inoculum with a new crop of wheat. New Delhi, India: Malhotra Publishing House, 162-175. Wide fluctuations in relative humidity from 55-91 per cent. There should be high and prolonged rainfall. Under these conditions, late blight of potato is expected to appear after about a week. In fact, Himalayas are the source regions of wheat rust in the north and Nilgiri hills in the south. ii. Seed treatment with Carboxin 2g/kg (Vitavax 2g/kg). Affected plants can be pulled out easily. ii. Plagiarism Prevention 4. • Infected heads develop shriveled grain seeds. There should be excessive rainfall during the reproductive period. Crop: Wheat, Scientific Name: Triticum aestivum Family: Poaceae : Leaf Rust/Brown Rust : Stem Rust : Stripe Rust/Yellow Rust : Loose Smut : Powdery Mildew iii. Weekly mean temperature should be equal to or less than 24°C. ; Powdery growth later become black lesion and cause drying of leaves and other parts. Weather conditions favourable for the incidence of the disease are given below: i. Leaf Rust / Brown Rust - Puccinia recondita Before the spore masses break through the epidermis, the infection sites feel rough to the touch, As the spore masses break through, the surface tissues take on a ragged and torn appearance. ii. How to Download PDF Book [Full Guide] Outline of Practical Crop Production. Diseases II. iv. Content Filtrations 6. Temperature should range between 19-37°C during summer season and 17-26°C during winter season. Night temperature should be greater than 10°C. Diseases of Wheat 2. This disease may appear at any phenological stage of the crop. Wet and cool soil temperatures (less than 50° to 55° F) can delay seed germination and emergence and predispose corn seedlings to disease. Relative humidity should range between 86 – 93 per cent. Wheat cultivation has traditionally been dominated by the northern region of India. Stem become hollow due to internal rotting. i. Infections from spores arriving from a distance are termed primary infections. Mean relative humidity should be around 87 per cent. Late blight of potato could be predicted by using synoptic charts and warnings were issued four days ahead for spraying the potato crop against late blight. i. Early leaf spot can appear after a few weeks of sowing. Rainfall should not be less than 0.1 mm. Insect pests 2. Weather conditions are favourable for the survival of wheat rust in central Nepal, which acts as a source region for the wheat rust. This rust appears in Punjab usually by the end of February to mid-March. Diseases of Rice: i. ii. Before publishing your articles on this site, please read the following pages: 1. Price: Free . Image Guidelines 5. Severity of the disease is likely to increase if the minimum temperature remains below 23°C with relative humidity more than 90 per cent for many days. Till … When these weather parameters become favourable, late blight of potato appears. Weeds 5. Therefore, northern and southern hills act as source regions of infection. Prior to pustule formation, "flecks" may appear. ii. If such type of conditions prevail for a week in mid-January, then yellow rust is likely to increase. Brown rust can appear in the entire wheat belt under favourable weather conditions. 2. If these conditions continue for several days, then disease is likely to appear. ii. diseases of wheat 1. welcome… 2. university of agricultural sciences pat.301(2+1) diseases of field crops and management topic:fungal diseases of wheat by, nagendra alb2099 It appears earlier than the late leaf spot. (c) Intermittent cloudiness must exist in the end of January or first week of February. In rainfed upland areas, irrigated rice-wheat system. Favourable weather conditions for the incidence of rust: ii. It moves from southern India towards Punjab. Pustules also can be found on leaf sheaths, necks, and glumes. Aeciospores germinate at 17-22°C and infect other plants forming either secondary Aecia or Uredia depending upon prevalent temperature of 25°C. There should be high relative humidity. In the wheat season, the weather conditions are favourable for the yellow rust in north India. The weather conditions become favourable for the appearance of rust by the end of January. iii. The severity of the leaf spot is higher in kharif season than in rabi and summer season. 1821 - E. M. Fries published Systema Mycologicum for naming of fungi; he was named as Linnaeus of Mycology. Pustules are usually separate and scattered, heavy infections -coalesce. Another rule of forecasting the potato blight was reported by Beaumont. Relative humidity at 1500 hours should not be less than 75 per cent. The magnitude of the incidence of the disease depends upon the duration of wetness. Weather conditions favourable for the appearance of yellow rust are given below: (a) Mean air temperature should range between 9 to 13°C. Lecture 18 - Diseases of Mulberry Mulberry Root rot- Macrophomina phaseolina Symptoms Sudden wilting, withering of leaves and affected plants fail to sprout after pruning and dry up completely. Following weather conditions are favourable for the incidence of the disease: i. About 90 per cent relative humidity persist for at least 10 hours. Favourable weather conditions for its multiplication are given below: (a) Mean air temperature should range between 16 to 27°C. These conditions indicate that late blight of potato may appear within two weeks. The weather conditions favourable for the incidence of disease are given below: i. Minimum temperature should be less than 26°C. Greyish white powdery growth appears on the leaf, sheath, stem and floral parts. iii. The pustules of stripe rust, which, contain yellow to orange-yellow urediospores, usually form narrow stripes on the leaves.
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