cowpea aphid aphis craccivora

This is a logical question. Spread of the aphid occurs on the wing, and in air currents that can transport them over long distances. Under natural conditions, all viruses are transmitted by certain aphid species, in which they can persist for many days or weeks without replicating in their vectors. 29, 30, and 31). Although viruliferous aphids often retain transmission ability for life, nanovirids do not multiply in their insect vectors. It was first reported by Johnson (1953) that the hooked nonglandular trichomes of the French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) had a detrimental effect on populations of the cowpea aphid (Aphis craccivora; Johnson, 1953). This is not the case. 1994. So, for example, decapitated females of the, has been reported as respective vector of BBTV and CBDV, several aphid species transmit FBNYV, MDV, and SCSV. Cowpea Aphid - Aphis craccivora Family Aphididae This page contains pictures and information about Cowpea Aphids that we found in the Brisbane area, Queensland, Australia. Originally of probable Palearctic origin, it is now an invasive species of cosmopolitan distribution. Italy is the only Mediterranean country where AV1 presence is documented. A new trait requires information for a new spatiotemporal pattern of arrangement of millions of cells of several types (morphological and/or life history change) or the reorganization or addition of new neurons to form a special neural circuit (behavioral and/or life history change). and V.F. Reported cases of TDP arise in response to stressful stimuli or conditions and contribute to an organism’s fitness. Aphids on the World's Plants. The energetic cost of processing the stimulus in the brain is not negligible but neural processing is conserved in the course of evolution because of some benefit offsetting the cost. These results suggest that the synthesis or increase of the specific enzymes in the plant can increase the resistance of plants to insects, resulting in lower food consumption by the insects [66]. However, not all plants with high trichome densities deter aphid colonization, as glabrous varieties of cotton are more resistant to colonization by Aphis gossypii than their pubescent counterparts (Weathersbee and Hardee, 1994; Weathersbee et al., 1994, 1995). An aphid non-transmissible isolate deficient for the HC-Pro can also be transmitted by aphids when in mixed infection with an isolate that has a functional HC-Pro. Fax: Obopile M. & Ositile B., 2010. John Wiley & Sons with the Natural History Museum, London. Distribution. The neural manipulation of the stimulus establishes a previously nonexisting causal relationship between the stimulus and the signal cascade that causes the transgenerational change. 2006. Cotton aphids are the primary aphid species of concern in cotton. These play an important role in the defense of the plant for pest control because it reduces the absorption of nutrients by the invading organism [57]. A. gossypii lives longer and produce more offspring on ZYMV infected than on non-infected plants. Large plants in a crop might be expected to become infected more readily with insect-borne viruses than small ones, since they are more likely to be visited by a vector. :Aphidoidea).The occurrence of density dependent related pheromones and odour response to their host plant Vigna unguiculata was studied. Aphis craccivora a polyphagous aphid species with a preference for Fabaceae. Eastop. The use of resistant cultivars is among the best management option for this pest, but the success of this strategy is influenced by the stability of the resistant genotype to the cowpea aphid biotypes present in the major cowpea growing areas in a country. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. Katayama & Suzuki (2002) compared the costs a… In Greece, AMV is present in tobacco fields (Chatzivassiliou et al., 2004). Laura Tomassoli, ... Heinrich-Josef Vetten, in Advances in Virus Research, 2012. Cowpea, Vigna unguiculata was infested at the young, mid‐fill and mature pod growth stages with, respectively, one, two and three pre‐reproductive adult apterae of Aphis craccivora per pod in a screen house. Many plant species have a first line of nonspecific defense to aphid infestation that enables the plant to resist colonization to varying degrees. (1982), AV1 has been detected at various incidence levels depending on cultivation areas. Alkaloids such as nicotine, nornicotine, and anabasine secreted by glandular trichomes in tobacco have been shown to cause leg paralysis in M. persicae (Levin, 1973). Cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora. Aranzazu Moreno, Alberto Fereres, in Advances in Virus Research, 2012. Aphid colony, body length 1-2mm This aphid is known as Cowpea Aphids or Cow Pea Aphids. For FBNYV it has been demonstrated that purified virions alone are not transmissible by its aphid vector, regardless of whether they are acquired from artificial diets using membrane feeding techniques or directly microinjected into the aphid’s hemocoel. The frequency of alates being found in the crop decreases significantly after the plants had met within and between rows. In the late 1980s when Bertaccini et al. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. 2000. Since the report of Bertaccini et al. These authors observed that when the plants were infested with Spodoptera sp. The transmissible isolate provides its functional HC-Pro to mediate the transmission of the deficient isolate. The enzymatic system comprises antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase, peroxiredoxin, catalase, polyphenol oxidase (PPO), among others. This was the investigators’ assessment: Wing dimorphism is apparently controlled by a diffusible “alata-determiner” liberated from the head of the parent. Afr. Two main modes of AV1 spread in the field have been described. Waxiness of leaf surface may also be a physical factor in basal aphid resistance, with less waxy (glossy) varieties often exhibiting increased resistance (Van Emden, 2007). Polyphenolic compounds can repel aphids and when secreted, they harden on the leaf surface often trapping and disabling aphid mouthparts and tarsi (Gibson, 1976; Simmons et al., 2003, 2005; Van Emden, 2007). In the meantime, the involved neural circuits reconfigure their synaptic morphology (Choi et al., 2005), resulting in the modification of computational properties of neural circuits and specific changes in the chemical output (Getting, 1989). Several studies in diverse species such as wheat, pea, and brassicas have shown that less waxy varieties are more aphid resistant, with reductions in aphid populations as high as 95% in the glossy varieties being reported (Ellis et al., 1996; Lowe et al., 1985; Stoner, 1992; White and Eigenbrode, 2000). Damage is similar to that caused by the pea aphid, and thresholds are likely to be comparable. Introduction. and V.F. Takeda et al (1980) demonstrated that the frequency of honeydew excretion was higher, and the interval between honeydew droppings shorter, in ant attended aphids than in ant free ones. Forbes, and D.A. In Texas, three species of aphids feed on cotton plants as secondary pests: the cotton aphid, the cowpea aphid, and the green peach aphid (Figs. (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is one of the most common and well-known insect pests throughout the world (Minks and Harrewijn 1987, Blackman and Eastop 2006, Sadeghi et al. Some aphid species were shown to be poor or non-vectors of WMV and ZYMV what suggests some level of specificity in the virus-vector interaction. It is in this form that they transmit it to a specific center in the CNS. Proteomes - Aphis craccivora (Cowpea aphid) ))) All None. Salman AMA, Abdel-Moniem ASH, Obiadalla AH, 2007. The virus has been found infecting tomatoes in Italy but not lettuce (Parrella and Crescenzi, 2005). Cécile Desbiez, Hervé Lecoq, in Reference Module in Life Sciences, 2020. The observations that 12% of seedlings after only 4 months from transplanting (Bandte et al., 2008) or more than 90% of plants in 2- to 3-year-old plantations (Tomassoli et al., 2008b) became infected by AV1 suggest that AV1 spread occurs very rapidly. Overview; Components; Publications; Map to UniProtKB (31,792) Unreviewed (31,792) TrEMBL. Whereas only one aphid species, the banana aphid (Pentalonia nigronervosa) and Micromyzus kalimpongensis has been reported as respective vector of BBTV and CBDV, several aphid species transmit FBNYV, MDV, and SCSV. It is in the brain where it is decoded and the response is determined. Cowpea aphid (CPA; Aphis craccivora) is the most important insect pest of cowpea and also causes significant yield losses in other legume crops including alfalfa, beans, chickpea, lentils, lupins and peanuts. Overview. Experiments with the Arabidopsis mutants coi1 and aos, which are compromised in their ability to perceive and initiate JA signaling, showed that they were unable to increase trichome density on new leaves following wounding (Yoshida et al., 2009). In autumn, the aphids appear to be able to move large distances to colonise establishing crops and pastures. E-mail: laamarimalik@yahoo.fr. This translocation resembles that of the geminiviruses, the other family of plant ssDNA viruses. Tássia C. Confortin, ... Marcio A. Mazutti, in New and Future Developments in Microbial Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 2019. SCSV has been reported to be vectored also by Ap. Aphis craccivora, variously known as the cowpea aphid, groundnut aphid or black legume aphid, is a true bug in the family Aphididae. Aphids on the World’s Trees. 2.5 Biology and ecology of cowpea aphid 6 2.6 Effect of aphids on cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) 6 2.7 Mode of aphid feeding 7 2.8 Damages and losses caused by cowpea aphids (Aphis craccivora) 7 2.9 Aphid borne mosaic virus 8 2.10 Resistance of cowpea lines against cowpea aphids 8 2.11 Cowpea beetle (Callosobruchus rhodensiansus) 9 During the spring season on the hibiscus plants in our backyard, we find this aphid. Taxonomy at Aphid Species File. Agriculture Canada Technical Bulletin 1991-3E. Aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch (Homoptera: Aphididae), is one of the most widespread and destructive insect pests of cowpea and host-plant resistance is an effective approach to minimize the pest damage at seedling stage. Indeed, this pest causes major yield losses, due to the transmission of two major viruses, FBNYV and BLRV (Oufroukh, 1997) and commercial losses due to its production of large c *Corresponding author. That information is the output of the neural processing released as a chemical/electrical signal. As explained in Chapter 2, the genetic information for protein biosynthesis does not play a factor. The stimulus poses a problem that the organism must cope with. Taxonomic placing: Insecta, Hemimetabola, Hemiptera, Sternorrhyncha, Aphidoidea, Aphididae.. Common name: Cowpea aphid.. Geographical distribution: Cosmopolitan; CIE Map # 99, 1983 (revised).. Host Plant Catalog of Aphids, Palaearctic Region. Citation: Li X, Du L, Jiang X-J, Ju Q, Qu C-J, Qu M-J and Liu T-X (2020) Identification and Characterization of Neuropeptides and Their G Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) in the Cowpea Aphid Aphis craccivora. (1990) failed to experimentally transmit AV1 by the European asparagus aphid (B. asparagus); therefore, the role of this species in virus spreading needs more investigation. The virus is transmitted after superficial probes lasting less than a minute. Aphis craccivora is one of the most common aphids in the tropics. Nelson R. Cabej, in Building the Most Complex Structure on Earth, 2013. Holman, J. Cowpea aphid, Black legume aphid, Groundnut aphid. 2009. Consequently, a randomly distributed spatial pattern of virus-infected plants is frequently observed. A random distribution is the typical pattern for a nonpersistent transmission by aphids irrespective of the virus source being within or outside the planting (Evans et al., 1990; Howell and Mink, 1985; Knaflewski et al., 2008). Although viruliferous aphids often retain transmission ability for life, nanovirids do not multiply in their insect vectors. The high toxicity of the ROS mentioned above, coupled with biotic and abiotic factors, which influence the physiological and biochemical responses of plants, can induce plants to develop the defense mechanism called antioxidant enzymes, which are mainly produced in organelles such as chloroplasts, peroxisomes, and mitochondria, due to the predominance and high number of metabolic routes and electron flow [55,58,59]. As already pointed out, no environmental stimulus, per se, can randomly, let alone adaptively, induce the expression of any gene or trigger any signal cascade. Ministère de l’Agriculture, 2012. Conversely, in experiments where methyl-jasmonic acid (MeJA) was applied exogenously to plants trichome density on developing leaves was significantly increased (Boughton et al., 2005; Traw and Bergelson, 2003). As part of an extensive and systematic programme to find genetic sources of resistance to Aphis craccivora, a major pest of cowpea, Vigna unguiculata, a total of 181 accessions from the germpiasm collection at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture were screened in glasshouse tests using a simple visual damage scale.Twenty-four accessions showed considerably reduced damage. Dissemination of the virus in the field occurs mainly by transient winged aphids landing and probing on lettuce plants and leaving the field (noncolonizer species). Common names. The mortality of cowpea aphid (Aphis craccivora), due to the treatment of chemicals ranged from 50 to 98%. Experimental aphid transmission tests proved that Myzus persicae and Aphis craccivora are able to transmit AV1 but not Aphis gossypii and Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Fujisawa et al., 1983; Howell and Mink, 1985).Evans et al. These results suggest that there was greater synergy of catalase with the other antioxidant enzymes present in the resistant genotypes and, consequently, greater protection given to the plant in relation to the damage caused by the whitefly feeding habit. Blackman, R.L. The cowpea aphid (Aphis craccivora) appears to be the major natural vector of these viruses as it is the most abundant aphid species on legume crops in the afflicted areas and was among the most efficient vectors under experimental conditions. Upon herbivore attack or wounding, plants regenerate new leaves that possess increased trichome density (Agrawal, 1999; Traw and Bergelson, 2003; Traw and Dawson, 2002), indicating a role for trichomes as an inducible basal defense. John Wiley & Sons with the Natural History Museum, London. Other aphid vectors of FBNYV are the black bean aphid (Aphis fabae) and the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum). No significant difference in the variety performance to AV1 infection has been observed (Bandte et al., 2008; Tomassoli et al., 2008b). gossypii, M. persicae, and Macrosiphum euphorbiae, but some of these accounts now appear questionable. The epigenetic information to trigger a signal cascade or induce a particular gene is generated after processing the stimulus in the brain. Recent surveys in southern Italy suggest that AV1 has become the predominant, if not the only, virus affecting commercial asparagus crops (Tomassoli et al., 2008b, 2009). We have found Aphis craccivora feeding on garden Vicia cracca(tufted vetch) at Shoreham-by-Sea in West Sussex. These observations together with results from complementation experiments suggest that FBNYV (and other nanovirids) require a virus-encoded helper factor for its vector transmission that is either dysfunctional or absent in purified virion preparations. The uniqueness of nanovirids is also substantiated by the observation that the so-called genome formula of FBNSV in its vector, the pea aphid A. pisum, differs from those in two host plants, faba bean (V. faba) and barrel-medic (Medicago truncatula). The virus is transmitted in a nonpersistent manner by Myzus persicae and at least 13 other aphid species (Kennedy et al., 1962). Cowpea aphid Aphis craccivora click for html version Summary: Cowpea aphids are shiny black with white and black legs. The cowpea aphid (Aphis craccivora) appears to be the major natural vector of these viruses as it is the most abundant aphid species on legume crops in the afflicted areas and was among the most efficient vectors under experimental conditions. Sanchez, G.Saborio, and C. Rivera. The, Ecology, Epidemiology, and Control of Plant Viruses, Microbial Enzymes as Control Agents of Diseases and Pests in Organic Agriculture, Tássia C. Confortin, ... Marcio A. Mazutti, in, New and Future Developments in Microbial Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Natural and Engineered Resistance to Plant Viruses, Part II, ) had a detrimental effect on populations of the, Weathersbee and Hardee, 1994; Weathersbee, Agrawal, 1999; Traw and Bergelson, 2003; Traw and Dawson, 2002. At the leaf surface, trichomes play an important role in basal defense and may confer both antixenotic and antibiotic properties to the plant. Thus War et al. In contrast to observations for luteoviruses, however, immunofluorescence localization of BBTV in the banana aphid Pentalonia nigronervosa indicates that BBTV antigens occur in cells of the anterior midgut and the principal salivary glands. The neural reception of the stimulus and its processing in the neural circuit results in a chemical that induces the secretion of a neurohormone, which activates a specific signal cascade leading to an adaptive epigenetic change in gamete(s). HC-Pro from WMV and ZYMV are interchangeable and both mediate efficiently the transmission of purified virions of both species. H.J. Eggs develop within the mother and nymphs are born live. [61], when evaluating defensive responses induced by peanut genotypes to caterpillar Helicoverpa armigera Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and aphid attack Aphis craccivora Koch (Hemiptera: Aphididae), observed high levels of SOD indexes in all treatments, the results of which may be useful tools as biochemical markers for pest management. Chan, C.K., A.R. Glandular trichomes are also an important basal defense system against aphid infestation. Keywords: Aphis craccivora, neuropeptides, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), expression profiling, transcriptome. History Museum, London. These phenomena might be related to the observed changes in phloem exudates composition (free amino acids, sugars) in virus infected plants. lmidacioprid 17.8 SL at 0.005 % concentration recorded highest … Several ZYMV isolates that have lost aphid transmissibility have been characterized, and a unique feature for this virus is that single amino acid mutants have been identified in the three domains important for transmission. viii + 987 pages, 135 figures, 16 plates. Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. An interesting interaction has been observed between ZYMV and A. gossypii, an aphid vector colonizing cucurbit crops. J. [62] studied the effect of different feeding intensities of cochineal Coccus hesperidum (Hemiptera: Coccidae) on the activity of selected antioxidant enzymes in fishtail fern plants (Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw)). The authors observed that the presence of this cochineal in fern leaves altered the activity of the selected enzymes (guaiacol peroxidase and catalase) in plants that were infested with this insect. Cowpea Aphid ( Aphis craccivora Koch) Ilse Schreiner, Ph.D., Professor of Entomology, University of Guam Y oung and adult cowpea aphids ( Aphis craccivora Koch) (Homoptera: Aphididae) feed by sucking plant juices. High densities of nonglandular trichomes in wheat and crosses of tomato with wild potato have also been demonstrated to deter feeding by the yellow sugarcane aphid (Siphus flava) and M. persicae, respectively (Simmons et al., 2005; Webster et al., 1994). The cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch. Golan et al. Springer Science and Business Media B.V. 1216 pp. Mnemonic i: APHCR: Taxon identifier i: 307492: Scientific name i: Aphis craccivora: Taxonomy navigation › Aphis. These observations together with results from complementation experiments suggest that FBNYV (and other nanovirids) require a virus-encoded helper factor for its vector transmission that is absent from purified virion preparations. [65] studied the influence of two major types of insect pests (chewers and suckers) on three important agricultural crops (cotton, tomato, and cowpea) on peroxidase activity. Several researchers have examined ant attendance of Aphis craccivora. Nonglandular trichomes provide a barrier to aphid infestation in many plant species. Raworth. Some species are trapped more frequently over widely spaced crops of cocksfoot and kale (A’Brook, 1973). Biotechnol., 7(14), 2486-2490. This leaflet briefly describes the biology of Aphis craccivora (cowpea aphid) and its control. Worldwide in distribution, but particularly common in warm temperate and tropical regions. Under natural conditions, however, several aphid species other than M. persicae and A. craccivora are likely to be efficient vectors of AV1. CAB International with The Natural These two mechanisms can contribute to the maintenance, in natural conditions, of variants which have lost their vector transmissibility. Together with the observation that longer acquisition and inoculation access feeding periods resulted in higher transmission rates, the long persistence of nanovirids in their insect vectors indicates that they are transmitted in a circulative persistent manner similar to that of luteoviruses. Catalogue national des espèces et variétés végétales. Populations of the cowpea aphid are susceptible to periods of heavy rain, especially those on young plants. The production is, however, greatly hampered by severe infestation and damage by insect pests including the cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch. Seed transmission is frequent in pepper and alfalfa, but has never been reported in lettuce. Economic importance. viii + pages 1025-1439. 2009).Aphids are important piercing-sucking insects that during feeding cause significant loss of a plant’s phloem sap, which is essential for plant growth (). Together with the observation that longer acquisition and inoculation access feeding periods resulted in higher transmission rates, the strikingly long persistence of nanovirids in their insect vectors indicates that they are transmitted in a circulative persistent manner similar to that of luteoviruses.

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