During war times, the night watch was performed by three jurisdictions – magistrate, bishop and castle men. In 1323 Vilnius was the capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. [217], Vilnius Old Town (Lithuanian: Vilniaus senamiestis) with idyllic medieval stone paved streets and Užupis offers one of the most prestigious housing in Vilnius. [240][22] The city began to develop in the late 13th century, during the reign of Grand Dukes Butvydas and Vytenis. Lithuania, country of northeastern Europe, the southernmost and largest of the three Baltic states. However, in other regions employment opportunities remain scarce. Vilnius lies 312 km (194 mi) from the Baltic Sea and Klaipėda, the chief Lithuanian seaport. Book your tickets online for the top things to do in Vilnius, Lithuania on Tripadvisor: See 48,088 traveler reviews and photos of Vilnius tourist attractions. Jono Pauliaus II gyvenimo knygoje? Vilnius has been home to an Eastern Orthodox Christian presence since the 13th or even the 12th century. [147], As a historically multicultural capital, many languages statuses changed over the centuries in the history of Vilnius. [315], The majority of the Lithuanian financial system consists of Nordic capital banks. Lithuania is not the fastest-shrinking country in the world, but the country’s depopulation rate is the second-highest in the world, according to the UN data. [373], The Vilnius Palace of Concerts and Sports is slated in 2022 to be transformed into the leading convention center in the Baltic states. Primary and secondary education is free at all stages, however there also are private schools with tuition fees in Vilnius. Vilnius became the birthplace of the Divine Mercy Devotion when Saint Faustina began her mission under the guidance and discernment of her new spiritual director, blessed Michał Sopoćko. [132] Operas are staged at the Lithuanian National Opera and Ballet Theatre and also by independent troupe Vilnius City Opera. Because of shortage of housing for a growing population of the city, large scale Microdistricts (so-called sleeping districts) were built in the elderates of Antakalnis, Žirmūnai, Lazdynai, Karoliniškės, Viršuliškės, Baltupiai, Justiniškės, Pašilaičiai, Fabijoniškės and on a smaller scale in other parts of Vilnius. It has also played a major diplomatic role as the protests in Belarus, its southern neighbor, unfold against that nation’s authoritarian leader. The club plays at LFF Stadium in Vilnius (capacity 5,067). Vilnius is famous for its Old Town architecture that was inscribed in 1994 as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The location of Vilnius offered practical advantages: it lay in the Lithuanian heartland at the confluence of two navigable rivers, surrounded by forests and wetlands that were difficult to penetrate. The Old Town of Vilnius is the historical centre of Vilnius, about 3.6 km2 (1.4 sq mi) in size. These letters contain the first unambiguous reference to Vilnius as the capital;[22] Old Trakai Castle had been the earlier seat of the court of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Unemployment rates remained persistently high in the least developed regions (14.9% in Utena County as compared to 4.8% in Vilnius County). A Lithuanian Army parade took place on 29 October 1939 through the city centre. 1–2, articles in "Statyba ir architektūra", 1964, 11, "Statyba ir architektūra", 1973, 8, pp. [403] Vilnius City Municipality also held a contest for 41 new trolleybuses and its winner Solaris committed to deliver all trolleybuses until the autumn of 2018, which will also have the free Wi-Fi and charging features. Lithuanian Jews, Lipka Tatars, Crimean Karaites) were under guardianship of the Grand Duke of Lithuania, but their languages were only used among themselves and never gained a significant role. [141], Lithuanian Grand Dukes' entertainment at the castle, ruler's visits abroad and the honorable guests' arrival meetings etiquette had theatrical elements already since the 14th century (e.g. Z. da Gianotti, tomb of Povilas Alšėniškis, 1555, by G. Cini, both located in the Vilnius Cathedral). In the 16th century Vilnius for some time in their lives was a hometown of composer Wacław of Szamotuły, lutenist virtuoso Bálint Bakfark, composer Jan Brant. Some members of the intelligentsia and partisan members hiding in the forest were now targeted and deported to Siberia after the war. In the 16th–17th centuries, during Reformation and Counter-Reformation, the Polonophone population began to grow – by the middle of the 17th century most writings were in Polish due to the Polonisation (before the 16th century the number was only around 5%). [354], Sanctuary of the Divine Mercy is another important pilgrimage site, which has the Divine Mercy image. Gatvės muzikos diena (Street Music Day) gathers musicians of various genres annually in the streets of Vilnius.[140]. [73] The Constitution, as did the earlier Lithuanian Constitution of 1922, mentions that "the capital of the State of Lithuania shall be the city of Vilnius, the long-standing historical capital of Lithuania". [22] The two Gediminids cousins later settled their differences; after a series of treaties culminating in the 1569 Union of Lublin, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was formed. [234] A Japanese garden will be completed in the area till 2020. On 20 October 2013, Bernardinai Garden, near Gediminas Tower, previously known as Sereikiškės Park, was opened after reconstruction. [376] In addition to this, there are twenty-seven 4 stars hotels. [98][99], The most notable late 20th and 21st centuries Vilnian painters are Žygimantas Augustinas, Eglė Ridikaitė, Eglė Gineitytė, Patricija Jurkšaitytė, Jurga Barilaitė, Solomonas Teitelbaumas. The building complex Vilnius Business Harbour was built in 2008, and one of its towers is now the 6th tallest building in Lithuania. [405] On 20 September 2019, five all-electric Karsan Jest Electric autobuses were presented, which will serve the 89 route in narrow streets. In 1536, Sigismund I the Old signed a privilege which regulated the magistracy formation principles that prohibited to choose close relatives to the council and all the new taxes, obligations and regulations required the prior agreement of the townspeople. Galingųjų vizitai Lietuvoje: Napoleonas, Hitleris, Putinas", "Pirmoji pasaulyje "gyvybės vizas" žydams išdavė Lietuva, bet pasaulis to nežino", Lietuvos gyventojų genocido ir rezistencijos tyrimo centras, "The Big and Little Ghetto – Vilnius Tourist Information Centre", "1944-ieji: vienus okupantus keitė dar nuožmesni...", "NKGB–NKVD prieš lenkų pogrindį Lietuvoje 1944 m. antroje pusėje–1945 m. pirmoje pusėje", "Pokario areštai ir trėmimai (1944–1948 m. pradžia)", "Lietuvos Nepriklausomos Valstybės Atkūrimas (1990 M. Kovo 11 D.)", "Soviet tanks crush the human shield of Vilnius", "Soviet Turmoil; Soviets Recognize Baltic Independence, Ending 51-year Occupation of 3 Nations", Number of new flats – record high during the last 10 years, "Restauri in Lituania. The Soviets repressed the local population and devastated city, moving values and factories to the USSR territory, including the major Polish radio factory Elektrit, along with a part of its labour force, to Minsk in Belarus SSR. Get directions, maps, and traffic for Vilnius, Vilniaus Apskritis. Explore Lithuania’s rich heritage on this 5-hour small-group sightseeing tour to Paneriai Memorial Park and Trakai Castle from Vilnius. G. P. Perti, G. M. Galli, A. S. Capone) were exceptionally important in the 17th century Grand Duchy's sculptures development and were invited there by the Lithuanian nobility. [359] The consecration ceremony of the new Stations of the Cross took place at Pentecost on 9 June 1669. [32] Vilnius had a vibrant Jewish population: according to Russian census of 1897, out of the total population of 154,500, Jews constituted 64,000 (approximately 40%). Mirga Gražinytė-Tyla), musicians (e.g. [222] However, poorer inhabitants and low income pensioners are often stopping the process adding to overall regionalistic policies of the politicians. The Church of St. Michael and St. Constantine was built in 1913. [29] Although, after the third partition of April 1795, Vilnius was annexed by the Russian Empire and became the capital of the Vilna Governorate. [366] It is a venue for concerts, festivals, and exhibitions. Vilnius changed hands again during the Polish–Soviet War and the Lithuanian Wars of Independence: it was taken by the Polish Army, only to fall to Soviet forces again. The park is the centre of entrepreneurship, promotion of business and science collaboration, provision of infrastructure and other innovation support. [126] Though, it was closed in 2002, demolished in 2017 and the MO Museum was built instead of it. St. Paraskeva's Orthodox Church in the Old Town is the site of the baptism of Hannibal, the great-grandfather of Pushkin, by Tsar Peter the Great in 1705. [297], Vilnius Tech Park in Sapieha Park is the biggest information technology startup hub in the Baltic and Nordic countries and unites international startups, technology companies, accelerators, incubators. [411], The Ministry of Health is located in Vilnius and is responsible for the healthcare in Lithuania. Vilnius's Southern bypass is road A19. [33] During the early 20th century, the Lithuanian-speaking population of Vilnius constituted only a small minority, with Polish, Yiddish, and Russian speakers comprising the majority of the city's population. beginning of 2017. [88], Vilnius has eight protected nature reserves: Vokės Senslėnio Slopes Geomorphological Reserve, Aukštagiris Geomorphological Reserve, Valakupių Klonio Geomorphological Reserve, Veržuva Hydrographic Reserve, Vokė Hydrographic Reserve, Cedronas Upstream Landscape Reserve, Tapeliai Landscape Reserve and Šeškinė Slopes Geomorphological Reserve. It occupies 2129 square kilometres and has 23 civil parishes. [191] The Constitutional Court of Lithuania (Lithuanian: Lietuvos Respublikos Konstitucinis Teismas), an advisory body with ultimate authority on the constitutionality of laws meets in the Constitutional Court's Palace in Gediminas Avenue. [22][29] Though, after the rebels defeat, Vilnius was incorporated into the Russian Empire and was its third largest city in the beginning of the 19th century. Included on the UNESCO World Heritage List, Old Town contains almost two thousand medieval, gothic, renaissance, and baroque buildings, all centered on the neo-classical cathedral and town hall. [223][224], More distant neighbourhoods (e.g. [254] After living for a while in Vilnius, foreign merchants and artisans quickly assimilated and were Polonized. Vilnius, Lithuania As the political centre of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from the 13th to the end of the 18th century, Vilnius has had a profound influence on the cultural and architectural development of much of eastern Europe. [153], According to the 14th article of the modern Constitution of Lithuania, the Lithuanian language is the only official language in the state. [106] On 10 November 2007, the Jonas Mekas Visual Arts Center was opened by avant-garde filmmaker Jonas Mekas with its premiere exhibition entitled The Avant-Garde: From Futurism to Fluxus. Vilnius is the only city with three choirs laureates (Brevis, Jauna Muzika and Chamber Choir of the Conservatoire) at the European Grand Prix for Choral Singing. Lithuania's capital has an Old Town of rare authenticity: marvellously intact, its pebbly streets are lined with weather-worn period buildings that hide cafes, boutiques and dainty guesthouses. [389][390] Vilnius city municipality and the Government of Lithuania encourages the usage of electric vehicles and has granted a number of benefits for such cars users (e.g. [72] The Soviet Union finally recognised Lithuanian independence in September 1991. Former Museum of Revolution was reconstructed to the National Art Gallery in the late 2000s. The fortunes of the Commonwealth declined during the 18th century. In 1635, Władysław IV Vasa established a professional opera theatre in the Lower Castle, where dramma per musica genre productions were performed with operas' librettos being written by Italian Virgilio Puccitelli. It features Masters programs in English and Russian,[319] as well as programs delivered in cooperation with universities all over Europe. [161], Every year on 16 February (day of the Act of Independence of Lithuania) and on 11 March (day of the Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania) festive events are organized in Vilnius with official ceremonies conducted by the heads of state and the holy masses of the Lithuanian Catholic Church in the Vilnius Cathedral. [199] It is one of the oldest emergency medical services institution in Eastern Europe and was established already in 1902. [200], Major number for contacting all the special services in Vilnius (and other regions of Lithuania) is 112.[201]. It was spoken by people living in the ethnopolitical center of the state – ethnic Lithuania, including the ruler's manor and the most prominent Lithuanian nobility. Vilnius Kenesa).[349]. Visit the Paneriai Memorial Park with a guide and gain insight into Lithuania’s World War II history. On 1 January 2015, the Wroblewski Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences had 12,274 registered users. [271], Over the past 15 years, Lithuania has experienced the fastest convergence in the EU, but the benefits of economic growth are uneven across regions. [254] However, according to an analysis of the tax registers of 1572, Lithuania proper had 850,000 residents, of which 680,000 (80%) were Lithuanians. [35] The assembly made the decision to demand wide political autonomy within the Russian Empire and achieve this by peaceful means. It is the largest and most populous of the three Baltic states. Lithuania is the only Baltic country with more than eight hundred years of statehood tradition and its name was first mentioned one thousand years ago, in 1009. In 1387, Jogaila acting as a Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland Władysław II Jagiełło, granted Magdeburg rights to the city.[22]. [156] Special attention was paid to the buttons as in the list of one nobleman's property Čaplinskas found 12 buttons with pearls and corals, about 100 large buttons with diamonds, plum-shaped buttons decorated with enamel, as well as buttons made from brilliants, emeralds. The Vilna Gaon Jewish State Museum is dedicated to the history of Lithuanian Jewish life. The country's rapid convergence is mainly fuelled by two regions – the capital region of Vilnius and Kaunas County – producing 42% and 20% of the national GDP, respectively. In 1940, the last city government handed over the premises to the People's Commissariat of Education, which established a Lithuanian National Philharmonic Society there. It is also the largest city in the country and has a population in excess of 587,500. [64] On 1 April 1944, the LTDF battalions entered Vilnius and confronted the Armia Krajowa (AK), which attempted to capture the city before the Soviets (see Operation Ostra Brama). [22], Vilnius again grew in population by being capital of the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic (according to the 1989 census, it had 576,747 residents). A monument was erected at the place where Užupis Old Jewish Cemetery was. While the Romanticism art is characterized by Jan Rustem, Jonas Damelis, Vincentas Dmachauskas, Kanutas Ruseckas works. [313] While the State Tax Inspectorate (Lithuanian: Valstybinė mokesčių inspekcija) is headquartered in Vasario 16-osios Street and is responsible for collecting or refunding taxes in the country. Night-life in Vilnius is in full swing at this time of year, and outdoor bars, restaurants and cafés become very popular during the daytime. [200] Large part of this institution doctors and other personnel were awarded with medals for their assistance to victims during the January Events in 1991. [260], Over the centuries, the composition of the population of Vilnius even more changed for the benefit of non-Lithuanians. This government quickly self-disbanded. The majority of the remaining population was compelled to move to Communist Poland by 1946, and Sovietization began in earnest. Primary and lower secondary education is mandatory in Lithuania. Lithuania’s population has been decreasing due to emigration and lower number of births than deaths. 19th century Vilnius was famous for such European scale performers as singer Kristina Gerhardi Frank – a close friend of Mozart and Haydn (performed the main part at the premiere of The Creation by the latter), guitarist-virtuoso Marek Konrad Sokołowski, recognized as the best guitarist in Europe in the mid-19th century, composer Stanisław Moniuszko – "the father of Polish national opera". [133], The Lithuanian National Philharmonic Society is the largest and oldest state owned concert organization in Lithuania, whose main activity is to organise and coordinate live concerts, diverse classical/classical contemporary/jazz music events and tours throughout Lithuania and abroad. [188] The present-day Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania is also located in Vilnius and meets at the Seimas Palace in Gediminas Avenue. [344] Lewkenor mentions that citizens of Vilnius included Catholics, Orthodox, followers of John Calvin and Martin Luther, Jews and Tartar Muslims. [168] The magisterial authority was headquartered at the Vilnius Town Hall. Vilnius Marathon is an international marathon with thousands of participants every year. Two of the three Jewish cemeteries in Vilnius were destroyed by communist authorities during the Soviet era; the remains of the Vilna Gaon were moved to the remaining one. [61] The larger ghetto lasted until 1943, though its population was regularly deported in roundups known as "Aktionen". [126], In 1965, the most modern movie theater in Lithuania called Lietuva was opened in Vilnius, which annually had over 1.84 million visitors and profit of over 1 million Soviet rubles. Vilnius district borders with the Republic of Belarus and neighbours with Švenčionys, Moletai, Širvintos, Elektrėnai, Trakai and Šalčininkai districts. [211], During the Soviet occupation decades of Lithuania, microdistricts were built in the elderates of Šeškinė,[212] Žirmūnai,[213] Justiniškės,[214] Fabijoniškės. Employment reached a record high of 77.5% in the third quarter of 2018 while unemployment was 6.3% in the fourth quarter, a rate last observed in 2008. [304] Since 2017, computer programming is taught in the primary schools. The historic buildings are in Gothic (e.g. Vilnius is full of cultural events … Vilnius Cathedral, Vilnius Town Hall, Šuazeliai Palace, Verkiai Palace)[208] with splendid exteriors and interiors. [22] These were connected with the central part as well as with industrial areas via expressway-like streets (so-called fast traffic streets) and by public transport, noticeably extensive network of trolleybuses (from 1956). 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