Sources. Previous . In 1527 Rome was sacked by Charles V of Spain and the pope was often the prisoner of coloniser kings. In 1441, Portugal sent a ship full of slaves to Pope Martin V for his consideration and blessings. Canon law prohibited interest upon a loan. Crusades. The “slave trade” being discussed in the above quote is the trans-Atlantic slave trade. The following year, the combined Papal-Neapolitan army, led by Giacomo Caldora and Francesco Sforza, defeated him at the Battle of L'Aquila (2 June 1424); Braccio died a few days later.[4]. His election effectively ended the Western Schism (1378–1417). His authority in Rome was represented by his brother Giordano, who had fought under Muzio Attendolo against the condottiero Braccio da Montone. Portuguese possessions in Morocco (1415–1769) In late spring of 1452 Byzantine Emperor Constantine XI wrote to Pope Nicholas for help against the impending siege by Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II. 32 On Ineffabilis of 1495 see Soyer, François, The persecution of the Jews and Muslims of Portugal, Leiden 2007, 277, and de Witte, ‘Les Bulles pontificales’, 451. Martin V >Martin V (1368-1431) was pope from 1417 to 1431. The man who was to become Pope Martin V was born in Genazzano, Italy, on Feb. 20, 1368. Source(s): ob/c2: Le Petit Episcopologe, Issue 189, Number 15,364; c2: Le Petit Episcopologe, Issue 12, Number 638, Ascendance He was ordained a priest on 13 November, 1417, and consecrated bishop the next day.[3]. P. Kevin Castel/2nd. Change ), You are commenting using your Google account. Oddone was with John XXIII's entourage at the Council of Constance and followed him in his escape at Schaffhausen on 21 March 1415. 1. This has advanced the numbering of all subsequent Popes Martin by two. that ‘water was the source of all living things’ and ‘all things are full of God’]. His tenure was marked by conflict first with the Colonnas, relatives of his predecessor Martin V, … The seventeenth council then met as the "Council of Basel" in February 1431 shortly before Martin's death. Pope Eugene made him a cardinal in 1446 after successful trips to Italy and Germany, and when Eugene died the next year Parentucelli was elected in his place. VI e siècle avant J-C. 539 av J-C : Le cylindre de Cyrus : le texte proclame la liberté de religion et l’interdiction de l’esclavage. Pope Martin V. Elected to end the Great Western Schism. Pope Martin V was a vigorous man, virtuous, able, and gracious. In 1840 (the Bishop of Charleston) John England explained to (President Martin) Van Buren's Secretary of State, John Forsyth, that Pope Gregory XVI had condemned the trade in slaves, but that no pope had ever condemned domestic slavery as it had existed in the United States" (emphasis added). The Pope Orders The Slave Trade - Duration: 2:32. 4100 B.C.E. In the last years of his pontificate, however, he repealed several of his ordinances. 1283 Exultantes: Pope Martin IV : Relaxed the restrictions on poverty for Franciscans. Pope Martin V issued two constitutions. In Kuttenberg, hundreds of captured Hussites were thrown by the miners into the shafts of disused silver mines. A gathering, convoked by the Jews in Forlì, sent a deputation asking Pope Martin V to abolish the oppressive laws promulgated by How is the fuck is this monolithic rock the “Crown property of the United Kingdom”??? The idea that Europeans enslaved Africans is a fiction. [2] Author John F. Maxwell With Pope Urban leading from Rome and Pope Clement stationed in Avignon, France, the Catholic Church had an official schism. RACE1STTV Recommended for you. The lawful pope—Pope Gregory XII—reigned from Avignon in France (you can still visit the papal palace there today), as did a number of his predecessors. Martin left Constance at the close of the council (May 1418), but travelled slowly through Italy and lingered at Florence. Pope Martin V (c. 1368 – February 20, 1431), born Odo (or Oddone) Colonna, was Pope from 1417 to 1431.His election effectively ended the Western Schism (1378–1417). (Became part of Church Law from the 13 th century). The slaves who survived all of this were placed on ships like sardines – the captains knew that a certain amount would die enroute but enough would remain to make a profit. Here’s one below. [4] He also ended the war with Braccio da Montone in exchange for his recognition as vicar[4] and reconciled with the deposed John XXIII, to whom he gave the title of Cardinal of Tusculum. Thales, on the other hand, forced us to depend heavily upon the chronological evidence presented by a Greek stoic named Eratosthenes, who lived around ca. He is the most recent pope to have taken the name "Eugene" upon his election. He needed all his good qualities, for the difficulties he faced were immense. On 1 March, 1420, Pope Martin V issued a Bull inviting all Christians to unite in a crusade against the Wycliffites, Hussites, and other heretics. [6], Wenceslaus was succeeded by his brother Sigismund, German Emperor and King of Hungary, who prepared to restore order. [4], The main concern of Martin's pontificate from 1423 was the resumed war against Braccio da Montone. It is 426 m high. At first he could not even get to Rome, but by skillful diplomacy he entered the city in 1420. '”, “…MOSES, who was born in the City of Succoth, Egypt [Northeast Africa] during the XIX Dynasty at a period when Pharaoh Haremheb’s [ca. Pope Nicholas V (Latin: Nicholaus V; 13 November 1397 – 24 March 1455), born Tommaso Parentucelli, was Pope from 6 March 1447 until his death. The Anglo-Saxon Synod of Chelsea(816) said that the death of a bishop should be marked by the enfranchisement of all his(?) Rogers, Sex & Race Vol. Pope Nicholas V issued the papal bull Dum Diversas on 18 June, 1452. I knew that the Catholic Church via the Pope had authorized slavery in the 1400s, but I didn’t know that they had authorized the eradication, subjugation, etc, of African people.Somehow I never connected the two. 1179 AD : The Third Lateran Council imposed slavery on those helping the Saracens. Pope Nicholas V (Latin: Nicholaus V; 13 November 1397 – 24 March 1455), born Tommaso Parentucelli, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 6 March 1447 until his death. His date of birth can be established basing on the following contemporary reports: Lumley's Treatise upon the Law of Annuities and Rent Charges, 1st ed, 1833, Sigismund, German Emperor and King of Hungary, MARTINO V, papa. Cir.’s Order Compelling Arbitration, [C.] American Arbitration Association Orders. [2] He belonged to one of the oldest and most distinguished families of Rome. These slaves were then sold to Arabs for money. Blessed Pope Pius XI. Traffic in Christian slaves was not forbidden. (1430) That Pope Martin V did pioneer the legal framework for establishing one of the single most profitable enterprises of the Roman Catholic Church being the international slave trade by granting by Papal Bull (now “lost”) certain rights to trade slaves in exchange for fees to King John II of Castile. Pope Nicholas V (Latin: Nicholaus V) (15 November 1397 – 24 March 1455), born Tommaso Parentucelli, was Pope from 6 March 1447 until his death in 1455. [13] The papal bull of excommunication issued to the Genoese merchants of Caffa related to the buying and selling of Christians, but has been considered ineffectual as prior injunctions against the Viennese, including the Laws of Gazaria, made allowances for the sale of both Christian and Muslim slaves. He was born at Genazzano, the son of Agapito Colonna and Caterina Conti, between 26 January and 20 February, 1369. The Portuguese Slave Trade. The dispute as to the legality of annuity contracts was brought before Martin V in 1423. As for the Hebrew’s, or Israelite’s, chronology dealing with Moses’ religious origin, he told his own story. Dominique Angers Professeur à la Faculté de Théologie Évangélique de Montréal et blogueur sur le site toutpoursagloire.com « C’est tout le mérite de cet ouvrage : sur un ton amical, chaleureux et parfois humouristique, il nous montre à quel point nos convictions intimes (sur la Bible, Dieu, Jésus, l’Église, et ainsi de suite) ont un impact réel sur notre existence. Nicholas issued the bull "Dum Diversas" (18 June 1452) in response to a request from the Portuguese monarchy. This facilitated the Portuguese slave trade from West Africa. The first was against heretics in Bohemia, as described above. On 12 July 1420 the Pope conceded to attach an indulgence to anyone who would contribute to a crusade against the latter, which would be led by Sigismund, King of the Romans. This schism continued even after both Urban VI and Clement VII had died. Pope Eugene IV (Latin language: Eugenius IV; 1383 – 23 February 1447), born Gabriele Condulmer, was Pope from 3 March 1431 to his death in 1447. Though the Western Schism had ended, it left a rich legacy of evils. On 1 March 1420, Pope Martin V issued a Bull inviting all Christians to unite in a crusade against the Wycliffites, Hussites, and other heretics. 1 (1952), Me Against Iniquity: Understanding the Complexities of Global White Supremacy (Racism) Through The Eyes of an Educated & Unapologetic Black Man, [B.] The Church denounced the enslavement of Christians. Pope Eugene IV (Latin: Eugenius IV; 1383 – 23 February 1447), born Gabriele Condulmer, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 3 March 1431 to his death. In 1409 he took part in the Council of Pisa, and was one of the supporters of Antipope Alexander V. Later he confirmed his allegiance to Alexander's successor, John XXIII, by whom his family obtained several privileges, while Oddone obtained for himself the vicariate of Todi, Orvieto, Perugia and Umbria. [10], During the Middle Ages, slavery had fallen out of usage in Europe. However, voyages and discoveries brought other continents, where slavery still existed, into European consciousness, raising the question of whether slavery of unbelievers and outside of Europe was permitted. His election effectively ended the Western Schism (1378–1417). The quote is an excerpt from a book, in which the author is discussing the trans-Atlantic slave trade (the “African Holocaust”). English (not foreign) slave… It authorised Alfonso V of Portugal to reduce any “Saracens (Muslims) and pagans and any other unbelievers” to perpetual slavery. Pope Nicholas the 5th in 1400s declared all non Christians unto a life of servitude. Pope Nicholas V and slavery. [6], In 1419 King Wenceslaus, who had resisted what he considered interference in his kingdom, commanded that all ejected Catholic beneficiaries should be reinstated in their offices and revenues. representing a belief among many authors that no Pope before 1890 condemned slavery when he states that, ".. . Pope Martin V Oddone Colonna. The man who was to become Pope Martin V was born in Genazzano, Italy, on Feb. 20, 1368. Pope Martin V named him Cardinal Priest of Basilica di Santa Maria in Trastevere. [7] In March 1425 a bull was issued that threatened excommunication for any Christian slave dealers and ordered Jews to wear a "badge of infamy" to deter, in part, the buying of Christians. Pope Martin V (Latin: Martinus V; January/February 1369 – 20 February 1431), born Otto (or Oddone) Colonna, was Pope from 11 November 1417 to his death in 1431. He is seen as traditional, but has declared policy against slavery of Christians and persecution of Jews. His resignation ultimately allowed the schism to end, and a new pope—accepted by the whole Church—was elected: Pope Martin V. He was elected by the >Council of Constance [1], which thus terminated the Great Schism [2] of the >West. April 19, 2015 “The slave trade started with the Pope of the Roman Catholic Church by the name of Martin V and Reverend Bartolome de Las Casas in the island of … [5] Participants in the conclave included 23 cardinals and 30 delegates of the council. Bohemian and Moravian nobles responded that the sentence on Hus was unjust and insulting to their country, and promised to protect priests against episcopal prosecutions for heresy. They were already slaves before they were loaded on the ships. Cancel Unsubscribe. Pope Martin V by Michael Ott. 1179 AD. The man who was to become Pope Martin V was born in Genazzano, Italy, on Feb. 20, 1368. It authorised King Alfonso V of Portugal to reduce any "Saracens (Muslims) and pagans and any other unbelievers to perpetual slavery. [17], Norman Housley finds it "... hard to avoid the conclusion that the pope was agreeing to whatever was asked of him by the king. Pope Martin V issued two constitutions. The Council sent earnest letters to the civil and ecclesiastical authorities in Bohemia, insisting they deal with the heresy. 274-194 B.C.E. Pope Martin IV: Gave Franciscan priests the right to preach and hear confession. I did a quick Google search to see the Rock of Gibraltar and I found some pretty incredible images. Pope Martin V (r. 1417–1431) Pope Martin V (Credit: Pisanello). Moses himself was raised to the ranks of ‘HIEROGRAMMAT’ and ‘PRIEST.’ Like Jesus Christ…, he too received his final ‘INITIATION’ into the Mysteries at the Great Pyramid of Khufu.”, “Examining the theory of the role of ‘THE CREATOR OF THE WORLD’ myth thousands of years before Moses came forward with his own version in the BOOK OF GENESIS, as attributed to him by Hebrew rabbis hundreds of years following his death and burial, we find other indigenous Africans of the Nile Valley High Cultures writing sometime around ca. Next. (Became part of Church Law from the 13 th century). A more typical scenario is that blacks were enslaved BY OTHER BLACKS in inter-tribal warfare. Pope Nicholas V. ... Pope St. Pius V. developed the rite of mass following the Council of Trent. [8][9] When the lawfulness of annuities was established, they were widely used in commerce; it seems that city states used them to raise compulsory loans from their citizens. Post navigation. There were slaves in ancient Greece and ancient Rome, long before Christianity started. “The slave trade started with the Pope of the Roman Catholic Church by the name of Martin V and Reverend Bartolome de Las Casas in the island of Hispaniola, now called Haiti and Santo Domingo. [H.] The Black Man’s Ancient Ruins From Around the World, [I.] tr. A decree of the Council of Constance ordered that councils should be held every five years. It was rather poorly attended, which gave the Pope a pretext for dissolving it, as soon as it had come to the resolution that "internal church union by reform ought to take precedence over external union". For it would have been impossible for Moses, or anyone else in Egypt at that period, to have raised to one of the highest ranks in government of Pharaoh Ramses II’s ‘Inner Circle] [Cabinet or Chamber] and was not himself trained in the religious rites of the Mysteries under the priests of the religion of God — AMEN-RA. During his permanence in Rome, Martin moved his residence from the Lateran to Santa Maria Maggiore and, from 1424, the Basilica of Santi Apostoli near the Palazzo Colonna. 31 Panzer, The popes and slavery, 14 (author's italics). The same decree is repeated in a Council under Pope Martin I in 650 AD! The church solved the affair in 1414 when both sides agreed to the resignation of their representative popes and elected Pope Martin V in 1417. I suggest you do your own research (as I have – I’m not going to do your homework for you) and learn the very un-PC truth about all of this. Dum Diversas (English: Until different) is a papal bull issued on 18 June 1452 by Pope Nicholas V.It authorized Afonso V of Portugal to conquer Saracens and pagans and consign them to "perpetual servitude". Son of Agapito Colonna, who had himself become a bishop and cardinal, the new pope belonged to one of the greatest Roman families; to Urban VI. It was believed then that there were three, so the new Pope of 1281 became Martin IV. The Synod of Melfi under Pope Urban II imposed slavery on the wives of priests. Until the fifteenth century, relations with Islam had been a significant political and juridical consideration. He held that purchased annuities, which were redeemable at the option of the seller, were lawful. Pope Martin V Pope Martin V ( Martinus V ; January/February 1369 – 20 February 1431), born Otto (or Oddone) Colonna, was the head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 11 November 1417 to his death. Pope Nicholas V issued the papal bull Dum Diversas on 18 June, 1452. 140 B.C.E., Adronicus ca. ( Log Out / [5], After a long stay in Florence while these matters were arranged, Martin was able to enter Rome in September 1420. [ 6 ] During the 15th century, sentiment in Europe increasingly turned against the enslavement of Christians and the Church denounced such practices, but this did not extend to unbelievers. Source: From the lecture titled “The Black Man Must Wake Up.”. In 1431, he was elected Pope. In short, he asserted papal supremacy in all matters ecclesiastical. Pope Martin V (Latin: Martinus V; January/February 1369 – 20 February 1431), born Otto (or Oddone) Colonna, was the head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 11 November 1417 to his death in 1431. in what is today called the ‘PAPYRUS OF NESI-ANSU,’ that: ‘…only the great God NEB-ER-TCHER existed before the creation of the world and all that followed it thereafter, as even the Gods were not yet born. He was excommunicated for this in 1411 by Pope Gregory XII. But from 1435 to 1890, a succession of popes condemned the slave trade and slavery in no uncertain terms. '”, “The main issue of contention is whether or not Thales, Moses, or someone else, was in fact the first to project the two concepts of philosophical conclusions I have introduced as items [a] and [b] before [e.g. [G.] Complaints to DDC, Attorney General, etc. [12] Traffic in Christian slaves was not banned, purely the sale to non-Christian owners. In exchange for the recognition of Joan II of Naples, Martin obtained the restitution of Benevento, several fiefs in the Kingdom of Naples for his relatives and, most important of all, an agreement that Muzio Attendolo, then hired by the Neapolitans, should leave Rome. 620 and 545 B.C.E., was the first person on record that developed the following concepts in his teaching…That: [a] Water is the source of all living things; and [b] All things are full of God.”. The Third Lateran Council imposed slavery on those helping the Saracens. The Pope at the time ruled only Rome (when not rebellious) and its environs: Braccio held Umbria, Bologna as an independent commune, while much of Romagna and the Marche was held by local "vicars", who were in fact petty hereditary lords. Pope Martin I condemns people who teach slaves about freedom or who encourage them to escape. Martin was elected pope, at the age of 48, at the Council of Constance on St. Martin's Day, 11 November 1417. [4], After deposing Antipope John XXIII in 1415, the Council of Constance was long divided by the conflicting claims of Pope Gregory XII (1406–15) and Antipope Benedict XIII (1394–1423). Si Papa Martin V (c. 1368 – 20 Pebrero 1431) na ipinanganak na Odo (o Oddone) Colonna ang Papa ng Simbahang Katoliko Romano mula 1417 hanggang 1431. He was elected by the >Council of Constance [1], which thus terminated the Great Schism [2] of the >West. 1226 AD For this reconstruction he engaged some famous masters of the Tuscan school and helped instigate the Roman Renaissance.[5]. Adherents of Jan Hus adopted the practice of Communion under both kinds. The Rock is Crown property of the United Kingdom, and borders Spain. ( Log Out / According to Burton, Martin authorized a crusade against Africa in 1418, and this, coupled with a later bull of Eugene IV (1441), sanctioned the Portuguese trade in African slaves. 1st ed. So when you get in the Greek fraternities and sororities, just remember what Homer said.” — Dr. Yosef Ben Jochannan, “I hadn’t known that the Africans called Moohrs had ruled Spain from 711 until 1485 A. D. The last of them losing power at a place called Granada.” — Dr. Yosef Ben Jochannan, “One has to be totally irresponsible and fanatically bias not to recognize Moses attempt at detailing the teachings he learnt as an ‘INITIATE’ in the Mysteries System at the Grand Lodge of Luxor [Thebes]. The Pope did not start the slave trade. Pope Nicholas V and slavery. [4] In particular, Martin confirmed Giorgio Ordelaffi in Forlì, Ludovico Alidosi in Imola, Malatesta IV Malatesta in Rimini, and Guidantonio da Montefeltro in Spoleto, who would later marry the pope's niece Caterina Colonna. Ang pang-aalipin ay karaniwan sa Europa, Aprika at Asya noong pamumuno Papa Martin V at … Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for Voices from Slavery : The Life and Beliefs of African Slaves in Britain, Pape... at the best online prices at eBay! [16] Davidson (1961) argues that Martin's injunction against slavery was not a condemnation of slavery itself, but rather driven through fear of "infidel power". But, in reality, those believed to be Martin II and Martin III were actually named Marinus I and Marinus II, although they are sometimes still referred to as "Martin II" and "Martin III". You are not telling me anything I don’t already know so don’t think that you are educating me about the origins of slavery. The election of Pope Martin V in 1417 ended the schism between the Popes and the anti-Popes. Martin V died in Rome of a stroke on 20 February 1431 at the age of 62. [7], Martin declared two Crusades in 1420. Saint Paul was the first of many authorities to say that slaves should be treated kindly, and the granting of freedom by slave-owners (already common in Roman life) was encouraged, especially on the conversion of the owner, or their death. The same pope wrote the bull Romanus Pontifex on January 5, 1455 to the same Alfonso. A legal framework was developed as the Iberian powers expanded. The same pope wrote the bull Romanus Pontifex on January 5, 1455 to the same Alfonso. In fact, many did not make it as far as the coast and died on forced marches from the interior. His brother Giordano became Prince of Salerno and Duke of Venosa, while his sister Paola was Lady of Piombino between 1441 and 1445. Catholic Church and slavery (16,747 words) exact match in snippet view article find links to article.. (b) The crime of selling Christian slaves to the Saracens 1425. The language of the church, of canon law, and of papal authority became an instrument of European expansion and the subjugation of other regions and peoples. Martin V >Martin V (1368-1431) was pope from 1417 to 1431. It authorizes (King) Alfonso V of Portugal to reduce any “Saracens (Muslims) and pagans and any other unbelievers to perpetual slavery. By 1415 Bohemia was in turmoil and the subject of much discussion at the Council of Constance. Martin V. (Otto Colonna) (1417–1431) was elected at Constance on St Martin’s Day, in a conclave composed of twenty-three cardinals and thirty delegates from the five different “nations” of the council. Martin V, pope from 1417 to 1431. Popes Martin IV–V were actually the second and third popes by that name. In the same year Martin obtained a reduction of the autonomy of the commune of Bologna, whose finances would be thenceforth under the authority of a papal treasurer. Martin declared two Crusades in 1420. The deputation succeeded in its mission. Johann of Jesenic led a procession to the town hall, where under the leadership of Ziska of Troznow, a noble of southern Bohemia, the building was stormed and people found inside were thrown out of the windows on to the spears and swords of the processionists, and hacked to pieces. He is the last pope to take the name "Eugene" upon his election. His election effectively ended the Western Schism (1378–1417). 327 B.C.E., and brought into Egypt hundreds of Greek students to study under African priests who taught them the ancient philosophical concepts and secrets of the Nile Valley Africans MYSTERIES SYSTEM, that the Greeks compiled most of the other works so-called ‘modern’ academicians call ‘GREEK PHILOSOPHY. Pope Eugene made him a cardinal in 1446 after successful trips to Italy and Germany, and when Eugene died the next year Parentucelli was elected in his place. Pope Eugene made him a cardinal in 1446 after successful trips to Italy and Germany, and when Eugene died the next year Parentucelli was elected in his place. Ce document est considéré comme la « première charte des droits de l’homme » et a fait l’objet d’une traduction dans les langues officielles par l’ONU, en 1971 [1]. The excitement of the Church during the Hussite movement rendered the Jews apprehensive, and through Emperor Sigismund, they obtained from Pope Martin V various bulls (1418 and 1422) in which their former privileges were confirmed and in which he exhorted the friars to use moderate language. At the Council of Constance he was, after a conclave of three days, unanimously elected pope on on 11 November, 1417 by the representatives of the five nations (Germany, France, Italy, Spain and England ) and took the name Martin V in honor of the saint of Tours whose feast fell on the day of his election. 1320-1318 B.C.E.] ( Log Out / He made himself useful to Pope Martin V (1417–31) and was quickly elected to succeed him. In the Christian Era, the biggest movers of the slave trade were Arab Muslims who captured slaves through war and kidnapping, and they are the ones who supplied the slave pens of West Africa for the Europeans. Pope Martin V and slavery Slavery was commonplace in Europe, Africa, and Asia during Martin's reign and was accepted by "almost everyone" with few arguing against it. (((SUBSCRIBE - SUBSCRIBE - SUBSCRIBE))) Help Our Channel Grow! Change ), "Racial understanding, racial sympathy, is the key to permanent WORLD PEACE." [6], According to Burton, Pope Martin authorized a crusade against Africa in 1418 in relation to the slave trade. Pope Nicholas V and slavery. Slaves on board a ship. There are plenty of credible scholarly sources to back me up here. Condulmer was a Venetian, and a nephew of Pope Gregory XII. Pope Martin V (Latin: Martinus V; January/February 1369 – 20 February 1431), born Otto (or Oddone) Colonna, was Pope from 11 November 1417 to his death in 1431. ( Log Out / Site : https://coronavirus.politologue.com/ Statistiques Coronavirus : @Coronavirus_Bot_Bot Martin V (1368-1431) was pope from 1417 to 1431. [14] Ten black African slaves were presented to Martin by Prince Henry of Portugal. See also Author:Martin V. , — (Oddone Colonna) Born at Genazzano in the Campagna di Roma, 1368; died at Rome, 20 Feb., 1431. A gathering, convoked by the Jews in Forlì, sent a deputation asking Pope Martin V to abolish the oppressive laws promulgated by Antipope Benedict XIII. Pope Nicholas V issued the papal bull Dum diversas on 18 June, 1452. He is buried at St. John Lateran Basilica. Catholic Church and slavery (16,259 words) exact match in snippet view article find links to article.. (b) The crime of selling Christian slaves to the Saracens 1425. [4], The excitement of the Church during the Hussite movement rendered the Jews apprehensive, and through Emperor Sigismund, they obtained from Pope Martin V various bulls (1418 and 1422) in which their former privileges were confirmed and in which he exhorted the friars to use moderate language. In Iberia (a peninsula now occupied by Spain and Portugal), also known as Hispania, the Moors were thought to inhabit terra irredenta, lands that needed to be restored to legitima… - The local Council at Gangra in Asia Minor, in 362 AD, excommunicated anyone telling a slave to despise his master or withdraw from his service. ... Pope Gregory XVI. His election effectively ended the Western Schism (1378–1417). 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