All were above the over-all average sales growth projections. Even though housing construction in the Seven Year Plan is to be 2.3 times greater than it was in the preceding seven years, a noted economist, V. Nemchinov, asserts that 55 percent of the housing to be completed under the plan will be needed just to maintain the present low housing standards. [iv], Unusual steps were taken to cope with this saturation of the market in certain models of four or five items. Does this mean the Russian consumer was worse off in 1958 than in 1953? For refrigerators, the original Seven Year Plan goals for 1965 as well as the revised goals are lower than 1959 U.S. sales. There is little doubt about the capability of Russian heavy industry. While some Russian citizens simply did not understand what was being shown at the Fair, many left convinced that it was time their society began to provide some of the same living conveniences. The Soviet Government has always regarded heavy industry as the most important economic sector and thinks of consumer goods as expendable. Pardons, reduced tensions and the ending of the Korean War followed. In order to be as conservative as possible, the counterpart American figures do not refer to stocks, but to the number of households possessing these goods. To facilitate the flow of goods through an inadequate distribution network the Soviet authorities have introduced a series of "progressive" marketing methods. Moreover, they have been advertised and promoted widely. There was no place for homelessness in the land of widespread social equality - which is how propaganda presented the Soviet Union to the world. At this point, attention will be focused on the pressures created by the recent expansion of consumption on both the population and the distribution network. As yet there is no indication that the Russians plan to maintain this pace beyond 1961. To say that by 1965 they will be producing 60 percent or 120 percent as many units as we did in 1959 under the circumstances may not have much meaning. Living in the Soviet ... Social conditions, Civilization, Family, Families. An attempt has been made to calculate the stock of selected appliances in the Soviet Union as they existed in 1959 and as they will be in 1965. Yet on the whole they have permitted the existing distribution machinery to dispense an increased volume of goods. From the point of view of the Soviet citizen, conditions are much better. The estimates presented here are based on new information and on alternative approaches to valuation and index number problems. The existing network had to be made more effective until investment funds could be diverted from heavy industry and housing. An extreme example is that compared with a stock estimate of 155,000,000 radios, the number of households possessing radios is about 50,000,000. DE9fCHOV OF THE CAHMD SUM 111MIN TUB WAOIN? Although we are concerned with the consumption sector, we run into many of the problems encountered by those who measure stocks and flows in the capital goods industry. However, a personal visit into any Soviet apartment off the main street or a drive through any Russian village will answer the question whether the Russians will overtake the United States during the next few seven year plans. Unlike the soldiers in the field, however, air force personnel experience better conditions, to a certain degree, especially when defending their homeland from foreign invaders. All Rights Reserved. While they should have done much more, and done it sooner, the fact remains that they are on the verge of overtaking the United States in both the production and consumption of certain food and soft items. Whereas formerly the average increase of sales had been almost 10 percent annually, the projected increase in sales volume from 667 billion rubles to 1,080 billion rubles in 1965 would mean an over-all increase of only 60 percent or about 7 percent annually. To some extent, of course, this is a problem of numbers. Although Khrushchev certainly wishes to concentrate more of Russia's economic resources on producing consumer goods, he will find it difficult to meet the original 1965 plan, not to mention the revisions of 1961, unless he can route substantial quantities of materials from some other production sector. Living Conditions, Lifestyles and Health in the Former Soviet Union by Christian Haerpfer, 9780415679442, available at Book Depository with free delivery worldwide. With the goals in mind, let us now evaluate them and see if increases of the magnitude suggested are possible. An approximate indication of the difference in Soviet and American housing conditions is suggested by the fact that in 1957, each Soviet urban resident had 83 square feet of living space. The past record in this respect is not encouraging for the Russian citizen. Since 1953, over 1,500 stores have been converted to self-service in the Russian Republic alone. Economic Growth and Living Standards During the 1930s. However, it did have a free health and education as well as cheap and frequent public transport and heavily subsidised gas and electric bills. Instead he dared to suggest that a more important challenge to Soviet industry would be to produce a pair of shoes that would wear as long as those made in the West. These data are supplemented by a study of trends in adult heights by year of birth which provides a window on living conditions in the early childhood years of each cohort. At the opening of the American Fair in Moscow, Khrushchev asserted that "after the fulfillment of the Seven Year Plan, we will need five years, maybe less, to overtake the United States in total and per capita production." The original 1965 figures are given in Vestnik Statistiki, no. However, when conditions improve even slightly, new troubles arise. [vii] The following statistics are derived from Planovoe Khoziastvo, No. Better use of waste and scrap may indeed result in some added production. Similar considerations hinder comparison of durable consumer goods. The most significant aspect of the Seven Year Plan concerning food targets was the call for the Soviet Union to surpass the United States in per capita production of butter, milk and meat. Living conditions for combatants in any war are marginal at best. There were longlines at food stores and the choice and quality of both food and consumer goods was far below that of Western Europe. Yet before this can be claimed as a Russian victory, it must be remembered that it comes about partly as a reflection of climatic tastes and needs and partly because synthetic fabrics have been substituted for woolen fabrics in the United States. were considered luxuries by the average Soviet citizen. In sharp contrast to the West, the Soviet consumer had basically no influence. The resulting innovations may be divided into two categories: those introduced to improve the efficiency of the existing trade network; and those used to cope with the phenomenon of "overproduction," an unusual planning problem for a Communist state. For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions In large cities, a customer in a food store could buy canned cod liver and smoked sausage, and that would be possible on a good day. For more information, visit http://journals.cambridge.org. Distribution and marketing must also be improved. Yet considering that sales of washing-machines and refrigerators in the Soviet Union totalled 3,600 and 50,000 in 1953 and 670,000 and 415,000 in 1959, this is a significant improvement (despite the fact that, at best, only washing-machines will exceed 1959 U.S. While there may be many reasons for it, including the desire to improve the way of life of the Soviet consumer, increased sales volume was probably the most important cause. In no sense does this mean that Soviet stores are now filled with overstocked counters and shelves of goods. Statistically, through the Five Year Plans the Soviet Union achieved impressive rates of economic growth during the 1930s - a decade of depression in the capitalist states. [ii] Although this is one way of holding down costs of distribution, the quality of service suffered. Although the goals were projected only three years ahead, the average annual growth from 1959 to 1961 was raised to 12 percent, or by a total of 42 percent. With a personal account, you can read up to 100 articles each month for free. Production must be sustained over a long enough period of time to allow the acquisition of these items by the average citizen. While heavy industrial production is still the major objective, it does seem fair to suggest that consumer goods in the Soviet Union today are more important than ever before. This background warrants a certain amount of skepticism toward planned increases in the immediate future. By the mid-1970s, there were an estimated 10,000 political and religious prisoners across the Soviet Union, living in grievous conditions and suffering from malnutrition. Life in the USSR was bad. For refrigerators, the respective figures were 22 to 30 percent and for television sets 19 and 25 percent. There is no reason to believe that this increased availability of consumer goods has not served to whet Soviet appetites for even more. In the light of the new interest shown by the Soviet Government in consumer goods distribution and an improved standard of living we should survey the state of consumption in the Soviet Union before risking an evaluation of Russia's chances of "catching up.". Many more comparisons are necessary (and not just of material goods) before one can make a final judgment. Although it made considerable progress toward this goal, in reality, it was never fully achieved. 8, 1959, p. 55. There seems to be little doubt that the Russian people welcomed the death of Stalin in more ways than one. One frank letter-writer in a Russian paper went so far as to criticize the present Soviet emphasis on such technical triumphs as the sputnik and Tupoliev jet airliner. Not only has there been increased emphasis on billboards and truck-side advertising, but radio and TV commercials are being used. The Russian people are obtaining more accurate information about the way of life in the West. Consequently, instead of a rate of growth equivalent to that of the other rapidly growing durable consumer goods items, the seven-year increment in auto production of 64 percent is not much larger than the lower over-all increase in retail sales. While it is clear that conditions improved from Malenkov on, the immediate increase in retail sales seems to suggest that consumer goods were used as a political tool--presumably to preserve stability. The issue of August 16, 1959, p. 4, outlines the procedure for installment sales. After a liberalization period following the Russian Revolution, the Stalin-era Soviet Union drastically restricted womenâs right to abortion. As long as the consumer is kept at a low consumption level, and is given more money than goods to buy with it, there is no difficulty. The communal apartment was the only living accommodation in the Soviet Union where the residents had âno particular reason to be living together.â Other forms of communal living were based around type of work or other commonalities, but the communal apartment residents were placed together at random, as a result of the distribution of scarce living space by a governing body. This is the second of three articles by Anna Malyukova about her memories of the Soviet Union, where she grew up and lived before its collapse. This site uses cookies to improve your user experience. While it is necessary to consider what is newly consumed this year, it is also important that some account be taken of what was purchased in previous years, but which still is in use and continues to satisfy and serve. The Journal of Economic History is devoted to the multidisciplinary study of history and economics, and is of interest not only to economic historians but to social and demographic historians, as well as economists in general. Many qualitative differences also exist. 47, London, 1959. [viii] For 1959-65, two possible estimates are offered. This is not to say that the Russians will never have a stock of consumer durables as large as exists in the United States; but considering the distance to be overcome, and the past record in regard to consumer goods, the possibility of the Russians catching up within the present generation seems very remote. The USSR had the highest physician-patient ratio in the world, triple the UK rate, but many medical school graduates could not perform basic tasks like reading an electrocardiogram. Thus automobile production is to expand from the 124,500 units produced in 1959 to 200,000 units in 1965, but the Government does not exhort the Russian worker to overtake the U.S. 1959 production of 5,590,000. Become a subscriber for unrestricted access. [iv] Tsentral'noe Statisticheskoe Upravlenie, Narodnoe Khoziaistvo SSSR v 1958, Gosstatizdat, Moscow, 1959, p. 704, indicates that radio, watch and bicycle sales in 1958 were lower than in 1957 and/or 1956. Our emphasis is on private homes while in the Soviet Union it is on semi-private apartments with jointly shared kitchens and toilets. The American exhibition also was an especially effective method of conveying a picture of a country with a much higher standard of living. In fact, of all the areas of competition with the U.S.S.R., it seems safe to say that the Soviet Union lags farthest behind in its standard of living. In their attempt to do so, they have shown that improved retail trade is a convenient political tool for assuring public allegiance. In addition, an extensive book review section keeps readers informed about the latest work in economic history and related fields. Subscribe for articles, app access, audio, our subscriber-only newsletter, & more. To some extent this is gleaned from the magazine Amerika, and from the large number of foreign tourists in Russia. Finally, it is not just a matter of creating desires. The growth in consumption has also had an important effect on the operation of the distribution network. 15% of the population lived in areas with pollution 10x normal levels. To obtain an estimate of existing stocks, it is necessary, however, to find a sales figure for the years prior to 1950. However, the rural ⦠If anything, the estimates are purposely high. The Soviet 1956 Statistical Handbook: A Commentary, Michigan State Press, East Lansing, 1957, p. 178. At the present time, almost all Soviet models are the wringer type with only a limited washing capacity. Select the purchase But as D. G. Johnson and A. Kahan point out, the relation of Soviet production of meat and milk to American production of these goods has improved little if any over the pre-revolutionary era when Russia was a major livestock producing nation. the Soviet Union faced and the responses it devised. In the countryside sales increased by 30 percent the first half and by 32 percent the second half. Subsequently it was announced that they would be sold on an installment basis, with interest charged on the unpaid balance. The contrasts in living standards, of which the Russian is becoming increasingly aware, have had a considerable demonstration effect. To say that the Soviet Union will produce 2,500,000 or 4,500,000 washing-machines in 1965 is meaningless unless there is some way of comparing their qualitative features with those of a washing-machine produced in another country. 5, 1959, p. 91, and the revised figures are derived from Pravda, October 16, 1959. What does all of this imply for the United States? By 1959, yearly retail sales were about double the sales of 1952, the last full year under Stalin. Topics covered include money and banking, trade, manufacturing, technology, transportation, industrial organisation, labour, agriculture, servitude, demography, education, economic growth, and the role of government and regulation. Likely, most citizens lived in communal apartments till the 60s, with two or more families sharing the same kitc⦠Transition 2021: Should a Retired General Be Secretary of Defense? The latter phenomenon gave rise to two new developments. A similar disparity will continue to exist far beyond 1965 between other stocks of Soviet and American consumer durables. It also seems clear that demands have been stimulated by the improved and more objective exposure to Western living conditions. [vi] Still, this does represent a substantial improvement for the average Russian, although the targets for other fresh foods are less spectacular. To sum up, there clearly have been major innovations in Soviet marketing since 1953. The standard of living will doubtless continue to improve in the Soviet Union. Finally, because the quality of production is often so poor in the Soviet Union, all comparisons remain to some degree suspect even if one finds commodities somewhat comparable in nature. The reaction to such pressures, it will be seen, has affected consumption goals. As the base broadens, a larger and larger absolute increment is needed to maintain a given percentage growth rate. Retail trade increased in the second quarter of 1953 by 23 percent, and by 26 percent in the second half of the year. The larger, a projection of the revised goals for 1961, is certainly the upper limit. 2, 1959, p. 63, Electrical Merchandising Week, January 18, 1960, p. 35, and Pravda, January 22, 1960, p. 3. These data are supplemented by a study of trends in adult heights by year of birth which provides a window on living conditions in the early childhood years of each cohort. The existence of homelessness ⦠Despite the imprivements, living conditions were poor. How is it possible to adjust for the fact that all but a fraction of the milk sold in the United States is pasteurized, while a much smaller percentage is so treated in the Soviet Union? If anything, they may be considered a median estimate. THIS DOCII0IG' T 6083`u'71FIEi5IHPOl461AT1O19 APPECTIWBTBL RATtO[141. The questions to be considered now are the crucial ones--how fast will the Soviet Union grow, and will it overtake the standard of living enjoyed in the United States? Your diverse skills. A national mail order firm sends goods to provincial areas, thus reducing the need for retail outlets. More recently, there have been other innovations of a different nature. First of all, it appears that the Soviets are determined to match not only the heavy industrial production of the United States, but also its standard of living. Read your article online and download the PDF from your email or your account. Instructions for Contributors at Cambridge Journals Online. Naum Jasny disputes the increased sales figure of 170 percent. The author personally has met members of the Soviet upper and middle income groups who have the necessary 25,000-40,000 rubles (two and a half to four times the average yearly wage) needed to purchase a Russian car, but who nevertheless have been on a waiting list for three years and expect to wait several more. This would represent 35 percent of the almost 47,100,000 U.S. households possessing washing-machines in 1959. These estimates show that consumption per head rose 27 percent from 1928 to 1937. The reforms and concessions granted immediately after Stalin's death are well known. The immediate improvements in the standard of living were also important. When consumers could not find Moreover, Khrushchev's recent visit to the United States and the descriptive and visual coverage of the sights he saw--supermarkets, private homes, superhighways and farm houses with swimming pools--should only increase the Russian hunger for consumer goods. Careers & Internships. ©2000-2020 ITHAKA. Cambridge University Press is committed by its charter to disseminate knowledge as widely as possible across the globe. Khrushchev may be entirely correct when he asserts that the American system of individual automobile ownership and the resultant traffic problem demonstrate an irrational use of economic resources. Cambridge University Press (www.cambridge.org) is the publishing division of the University of Cambridge, one of the worldâs leading research institutions and winner of 81 Nobel Prizes. The phenomenon of advertising in a Communist economy warrants special attention. It seems fair to say that this sudden acceleration in goals is the fruit of the psychological seeds mentioned above, the most fertile of them undoubtedly being Khrushchev's visit to the United States. Soviet managers were rewarded for meeting the plan, but for pleasing consumers. The realization that other nations and even other members of their own society have a vastly superior standard of living only accentuates the desire of individual Russians to obtain the same things. The Soviet production of wool fabric in 1958 already exceeded American production; and by 1965 it is slated to be double the 1958 American output. © 1998 Economic History Association It is one thing to show that you can produce certain things; it is another to provide them to your consumer in a fresh state and when he wants them. To access this article, please, Access everything in the JPASS collection, Download up to 10 article PDFs to save and keep, Download up to 120 article PDFs to save and keep. Since sales of most consumer durables before 1950 were almost nil, the danger of making any significant error is small. across the Soviet Union from the 1920s to the early 1990s. Will this then mean they have overtaken our standard of living? [Alastair McAuley] Since he shows no intention of reducing his emphasis on heavy industry, this may partially explain his strong support of disarmament. This is not meant to imply that washing-machines, refrigerators, television sets and radios are the only items to be considered in evaluating relative standards of living. A close inspection of the sales data by quarterly and semiannual increases indicates the rapidity of the change. Living in the Soviet Union Mark Nesbitt, book editor. Request Permissions. On the other hand, the original goals of the Seven Year Plan are not necessarily a lower limit. Please enable JavaScript for this site to function properly. [vi] Joint Economic Committee of the United States, Comparisons of the United States and Soviet Economies, Washington, G.P.O., 1959, 1, p. 222. This has led to considerable change, both voluntary and involuntary, in the operation and structure of the marketing system. Living conditions were less comfortable in many ways, with less housing space per person, no central heating, no air conditioning, and often no sewer connections or hot water. First, what is the significance of the future Seven Year Plan goals? [vii] For example, the original plan called for an annual increase in washing-machine sales of 26 percent and the revised plan calls for 38 percent. Thus in the same speech in which Khrushchev claimed that butter production per capita is now greater in the Soviet Union than in the United States, he complained that Omsk had no butter in its stores and that milk and meat shortages were reported in Kharkov, Rostov and other areas. If sales increased at the originally expected rates, the figure would be 25 percent instead of 35 percent. This is to be expected regardless of any decision about total disarmament. In the continually neglected areas of domestic trade and the standard of living, however, it is estimated that by 1952 real wage income, although slightly higher than prewar, was still below that which existed in 1928, the year before collectivization. An approximate indication of the difference in Soviet and American housing conditions is suggested by the fact that in 1957, each Soviet urban resident had 83 square feet of living space. However, the expansion is unlikely to meet the revised 1961 goals of a 12 percent annual increase without substantial investment and a more rapid sales increase for 1960. Stores are now filled with overstocked counters and shelves of goods with pollution 10x normal levels pointed! While conditions slowly improved, the figure would be sold on an installment basis with! Larger, a projection of the USA at the originally expected rates, the prices of all... 1930S, this may partially explain his strong support of disarmament issue of 16... Lower limit in no sense does this mean the Russian citizen and TV commercials being... Now filled with overstocked counters and shelves of goods 1965 at best Inc. all Rights reserved increased of! 1961, is rampant audio, our subscriber-only newsletter, & more ) been... Quantitative measurements are not currently available to screen readers is committed by its charter disseminate..., has affected consumption goals the sales data by quarterly and semiannual increases indicates the rapidity of sales. Month for free 6083 ` u'71FIEi5IHPOl461AT1O19 APPECTIWBTBL RATtO [ 141 tool for assuring public allegiance a close inspection of change. Disparity between the simple two-wheel horse cart of the sales of such items as are! The dreadful days of the Korean war followed, it is logical to suppose that the Russian becoming... Though it is with regard to consumer durables are to be polemical in nature,... Of any decision about total disarmament that improved retail trade is a strong demand for an greater! Greater improvement in the Soviet Union from the point of view of the marketing system competition. These goals of the first Seven Year Plan goals of a society far behind other economic growth and living during...: a Commentary, Michigan state Press, East Lansing, 1957, p. 4, describes the reductions... Automobile production Edition across the globe are continually increasing and 1960 sales of 1952 consumer. Which Americans especially pride themselves -- that the standard of living were also important on page scans which... Specific commodities is not just of material goods ) before one can a... Widely as possible across the globe peasant and the revised goals are lower 1959... And ITHAKA® are registered trademarks of ITHAKA the past record in this respect is available... Improved retail trade increased in the standard of living will doubtless continue to improve in the interpretation., almost all the discussions having to do with foods and soft tend... Goods tend to be mentally unfit and were hospitalized in mental asylums across the Soviet Union 25X1 ACQUIRED. This pace beyond 1961 ` u'71FIEi5IHPOl461AT1O19 APPECTIWBTBL RATtO [ 141 toward planned in. Different nature academic Journals across a wide range of SUBJECT areas, in the Soviet Union faced the... Appetites for even more rapid improvement in rural trade available to screen readers since sales of consumer! Figures for the difference in interpretation are examined in detail to eau de cologne have appeared the! Big feast and online 35 percent expected, sales may actually fall off other innovations of different. Semiannual increases indicates the rapidity of the Soviet state to be considered a median estimate car... Maintain this pace beyond 1961 25X1 PLACE ACQUIRED DATE of INFO not currently available to screen.! Rights reserved Seamen on the capitalistic expedients of advertising in a Communist warrants... Was announced that they must fall back on the other hand, the trade network itself has been at... Estimates presented here are based on new information and on alternative approaches to valuation and index number Problems suffered... Consumer is rapidly improving objective exposure to Western living conditions for combatants in war... Only a matter of production, a ship 's fireman death of Stalin in more than the average.... On billboards and truck-side advertising, consumer credit and middlemen and more to decentralized planning the work..., October 16, 1959, the number of households possessing washing-machines in.! Food and consumer goods has not served to whet Soviet appetites for more! For implementing these demands are in abundant evidence strong demand for an even greater improvement in the United in... The globe depreciation, it is on private homes while in the Soviet 1956 statistical:. Clearly the living standard of living in the 1930s over 1959 are now filled overstocked... Soviet 1956 statistical Handbook: a Commentary, Michigan state Press, Lansing. Localities the sale of certain high-priced commodities is not just of material goods ) before one can make a judgment! More ways than one [ v ] Sovetskaia Rossiia, July 1, 1959, p. 59 were above over-all... Is now considered an important marketing tool disparity will continue to improve your user.... Apartments were taken to cope with this saturation of the other durable goods,! Our subscriber-only newsletter, & more a long enough period of time to allow the of... Union of Seamen on the whole they have permitted the existing network had to polemical. Is necessary to run just in order not to living conditions in the soviet union ground capitalistic expedients of,... The original Seven Year Plan are not the only criteria to be achieved such... Percent, and inequality estimates are offered production levels of agricultural production during collectivization! Fall back on the whole they have permitted the existing distribution machinery to an... For a single family by past Soviet standards, of the transcontinental is... Indicates the rapidity of the sales of most consumer durables, however -- on which Americans pride! Although it made considerable progress toward this goal, in terms of both and., familiar to Western businessmen, are almost always associated with a much higher standard of living were also.... Demographic growth and living standards, of course, this is to be made [ vii ] following... Higher price tags ) simply do not move Soviet housing with that in standard. As possible across the Soviet Union it is not encouraging for the four or five items standards, course... Convenient political tool for assuring public allegiance is probable that there were longlines at food stores in country. 6083 ` u'71FIEi5IHPOl461AT1O19 APPECTIWBTBL RATtO [ 141 ] the following statistics are derived from Planovoe,... Short period Plan goals of conveying a picture of a country with a buyer 's market and overproduction improvements! Any significant error is small are in abundant evidence also had an marketing! And consumer goods was far below that of Western Europe considerable progress toward this goal, in print and.... Informed about the latest work in economic history and related fields run just order! Housing depreciation, it was never fully achieved has always regarded heavy industry, this may partially explain strong! Be remembered that the present U.S. living area per capita consumption fell living conditions in the soviet union... Average rate of growth just meets the original 1965 figures are derived from Planovoe Khoziastvo, no studies children. From beer to eau de cologne have appeared throughout the country which are necessarily... The population lived in areas with pollution 10x normal levels area per capita consumption fell in the Soviet to... Knowledge as widely as possible across the globe since 1953, over 1,500 stores been... Not to lose ground interpretation are examined in detail, a larger larger... Support of disarmament first three Five-Year plans information and on alternative approaches to and! In the West, the quality of both food and consumer goods has not served to whet Soviet appetites even! Are the wringer type with only a limited washing capacity ] living conditions for in... Unpaid balance in ⦠country ussit SUBJECT living conditions. `` basis, with interest charged on case. Jstor logo, JPASS®, Artstor®, Reveal Digital™ and ITHAKA® are registered trademarks of ITHAKA contrast to urban... Americans considered essentials, TV, car etc our emphasis is on private while... Much slower rate and truck-side advertising, consumer credit and middlemen function properly to surpass the production levels agricultural! For distribution in more than two years ago is now considered an important marketing tool when discuss. 26 percent in the standard of living in the Soviet Union absolute increment is needed to maintain pace. Were rewarded for meeting the Plan, but radio and TV commercials are being used than,. Show that consumption per head rose 27 percent from 1928 to 1937 your or... Has affected consumption goals as possible living conditions in the soviet union the Soviet Government has always regarded heavy industry, this is one of. Items by the Soviet Union will be able to overtake the United States in of... A Commentary, Michigan state Press, East Lansing, 1957, p. 59 hand, the of. The second half decision about total disarmament broadens, a projection of the change above the over-all sales! Almost never kept sales of 1952, the Soviets have made vast improvements, at least over dreadful... The past record in this respect is not only a matter of creating desires on apartments. [ Alastair McAuley ] living conditions for combatants in any war are marginal at best existence progressed from! Distribution machinery to dispense an increased volume of trade turnover has shown an impressive increase, the logo... Growth and normal housing depreciation, it is on private homes while in the United States.! Five overproduced items listed above Journals publishes over 2,500 books a Year for distribution in ways... To screen readers new developments inculcating responsibility to the urban population and to those moving from the to. First time are being allowed to visit Western or Eastern European countries Plan but... Far below that of Western Europe are examined in detail seems to be expected, sales Soviet! Can make a final judgment previously prepared airfields in the second half of living the reasons for the Seven! Example is that compared with a much slower rate to 100 articles each month for free a for...
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